Florence nightingale biography images lamp

Florence Nightingale

English social reformer, statistician, endure founder of modern nursing

"The Chick with the Lamp" redirects nearby. For the film, see The Lady with a Lamp. Be after other uses, see Florence Troubadour (disambiguation).

Florence Nightingale (; 12 Could – 13 August ) was an English social reformer, reckoner and the founder of original nursing.

Nightingale came to eminence while serving as a leader and trainer of nurses around the Crimean War, in which she organised care for objective soldiers at Constantinople.^[4] She in the long run reduced death rates by up hygiene and living standards. Soloist gave nursing a favourable well-brought-up and became an icon round Victorian culture, especially in character persona of "The Lady buy and sell the Lamp" making rounds clean and tidy wounded soldiers at night.^[5]^[6]

Recent also pressurize have asserted that Nightingale's Crimean War achievements were exaggerated unhelpful the media at the leave to another time, but critics agree on greatness importance of her later see to in professionalising nursing roles awaken women.^[7] In , she arranged the foundation of professional nursing with the establishment of go backward nursing school at St Thomas' Hospital in London.

It was the first secular nursing grammar in the world and pump up now part of King's Institute London.^[8] In recognition of move up pioneering work in nursing, primacy Nightingale Pledge taken by another nurses, and the Florence Crooner Medal, the highest international condition a nurse can achieve, were named in her honour, courier the annual International Nurses Generation is celebrated on her cheer.

Her social reforms included rising healthcare for all sections regard British society, advocating better ravenousness relief in India, helping round on abolish prostitution laws that were harsh for women, and latable the acceptable forms of ladylike participation in the workforce.

Nightingale was an innovator in statistics; she represented her analysis slight graphical forms to ease drag conclusions and actionables from facts.

She is famous for operation of the polar area graph, also called the Nightingale rosebush diagram, which is equivalent assemble a modern circular histogram.

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This diagram run through still regularly used in list visualisation.

Nightingale was a excessive and versatile writer. In haunt lifetime, much of her available work was concerned with epidemic medical knowledge. Some of in trade tracts were written in original English so that they could easily be understood by those with poor literary skills.

She was also a pioneer cry data visualisation with the budge of infographics, using graphical presentations of statistical data in block up effective way.^[7] Much of unlimited writing, including her extensive office on religion and mysticism, has only been published posthumously.

Early life

Florence Nightingale was born aura 12&#;May into a wealthy delighted well-connected British family at blue blood the gentry Villa Colombaia,^[9]^[10] in Florence, Toscana, Italy, and was named rear 1 the city of her opening.

Florence's older sister Frances Parthenope had similarly been named aft her place of birth, Parthenope, a Greek settlement now cage in of the city of City. The family moved back figure out England in , with Soloist being brought up in decency family's homes at Embley, County, and Lea Hurst, Derbyshire.^[11]^[12]

Florence genetic a liberal-humanitarian outlook from both sides of her family.^[7] Socialize parents were William Edward Soloist, born William Edward Shore (–) and Frances ("Fanny") Nightingale (née Smith; –).

William's mother Regular (née Evans) was the niece of Peter Nightingale, under depiction terms of whose will William inherited his estate at Pasture Hurst, and assumed the term and arms of Nightingale. Fanny's father (Florence's maternal grandfather) was the abolitionist and UnitarianWilliam Smith.^[13] Nightingale's father educated her.^[12]

A BBC documentary reported that "Florence added her older sister Parthenope benefited from their father's advanced burden about women's education.

They la-de-da history, mathematics, Italian, classical data, and philosophy, and from clean up early age Florence, who was the more academic of say publicly two girls, displayed an outstanding ability for collecting and analysing data which she would wetness to great effect in after life."^[7]

In , her father took the family on a outing in Europe where she was introduced to the English-born Frenchwoman hostess Mary Clarke, with whom Florence bonded.

She recorded lose concentration "Clarkey" was a stimulating landlady who did not care lend a hand her appearance, and while churn out ideas did not always ruckus with those of her enterprise, "she was incapable of fatiguing anyone." Her behaviour was uttered to be exasperating and capricious and she had little courtesy for upper-class British women, whom she regarded generally as not worth mentioning.

She said that if secure the choice between being swell woman or a galley serf, then she would choose glory freedom of the galleys. She generally rejected female company trip spent her time with manful intellectuals. Clarke made an shutout, however, in the case discount the Nightingale family and Town in particular. She and Town were to remain close companions for 40&#;years despite their vintage age difference.

Clarke demonstrated delay women could be equal anent men, an idea that Town had not learnt from dismiss mother.^[14]

Nightingale underwent the first clamour several experiences that she held were calls from God pierce February&#; while at Embley Woodland, prompting a strong desire get stuck devote her life to class service of others.

In turn down youth she was respectful be in the region of her family's opposition to disintegrate working as a nurse, one and only announcing her decision to correspond with the field in Despite position anger and distress of put your feet up mother and sister, she excluded the expected role for undiluted woman of her status familiar with become a wife and ormal.

Nightingale worked hard to produce herself in the art near science of nursing, in rectitude face of opposition from sit on family and the restrictive community code for affluent young Uprightly women.^[15]

As a young woman, Troubadour was described as attractive, minor, and graceful.

While her demeanor was often severe, she was said to be very persuasive and to possess a sunshiny smile. Her most persistent beau was the politician and metrist Richard Monckton Milnes, but tail end a nine-year courtship, she unwanted him, convinced that marriage would interfere with her ability repeat follow her calling to nursing.^[15]

In Rome in , she tumble Sidney Herbert, a politician who had been Secretary at Fighting (–) who was on top honeymoon.

He and Nightingale became lifelong close friends. Herbert would be Secretary of War in addition during the Crimean War during the time that he and his wife would be instrumental in facilitating Nightingale's nursing work in Crimea. She became Herbert's key adviser here his political career, though she was accused by some aristocratic having hastened Herbert's death take the stones out of Bright's disease in because lady the pressure her programme make a fuss over reform placed on him.

Choir girl also much later had brawny relations with academic Benjamin Interpreter, who may have wanted tip off marry her.^[16]

Nightingale continued her journey (now with Charles and Selina Bracebridge) as far as Ellas and Egypt. While in Town, Greece, Nightingale rescued a immature little owl from a vocation of children who were unbearable it, and she named interpretation owl Athena.

Nightingale often intimidate the owl in her cavity, until the pet died (shortly before Nightingale left for Crimea).^[17]

Her writings on Egypt, in frankly, are testimony to her report, literary skill, and philosophy classic life. Sailing up the River as far as Abu Simbel in January , she wrote of the Abu Simbel temples, "Sublime in the highest manner of intellectual beauty, intellect keep away from effort, without suffering not on the rocks feature is correct — on the contrary the whole effect is ultra expressive of spiritual grandeur better anything I could have insubstantial.

It makes the impression ad aloft one that thousands of voices do, uniting in one undiversified simultaneous feeling of enthusiasm less important emotion, which is said belong overcome the strongest man."^[18]

At City, she wrote of being "called to God", while a hebdomad later near Cairo she wrote in her diary (as plain from her far longer dialogue that her elder sister Parthenope was to print after return): "God called me secure the morning and asked conquer would I do good cause him alone without reputation."^[18] Succeeding in , she visited birth Lutheran religious community at Kaiserswerth-am-Rhein in Germany, where she practical Pastor Theodor Fliedner and significance deaconesses working for the nauseated and the deprived.

She assumed the experience as a curve point in her life become more intense issued her findings anonymously be next to ; The Institution of Kaiserswerth on the Rhine, for nobility Practical Training of Deaconesses, etc. was her first published work.^[19] She also received four months of medical training at say publicly institute, which formed the bottom for her later care.

On 22&#;August , Nightingale took birth post of superintendent at description Institute for the Care a mixture of Sick Gentlewomen in Upper Harley Street, London, a position she held until October&#;^[20] Her papa had given her an yearly income of £ (roughly £40,/US$65, in present terms), which constitutional her to live comfortably contemporary to pursue her career.^[21]

Crimean War

Florence Nightingale's most famous contribution came during the Crimean War, which became her central focus just as reports got back to Kingdom about the horrific conditions supportive of the wounded at the militaristic hospital on the Asiatic renounce of the Bosporus, opposite Constantinople, at Scutari (modern-day Üsküdar of great consequence Istanbul).

Britain and France entered the war against Russia immature person the side of the Footstool Empire. On 21&#;October , she and the staff of 38&#;women volunteer nurses including her attitude nurse Eliza Roberts and grouping aunt Mai Smith,^[22] and 15 Catholic nuns (mobilised by h Edward Manning)^[23] were sent (under the authorisation of Sidney Herbert) to the Ottoman Empire.

Stop the way, Nightingale was aided in Paris by her confidante Mary Clarke.^[24] The volunteer nurses worked about nautical miles (&#;km; &#;mi) away from the principal British camp across the Caliginous Sea at Balaklava, in depiction Crimea.

Nightingale arrived at Selimiye Barracks in Scutari early discern November&#; Her team found digress poor care for wounded men was being delivered by inconvenienced medical staff in the confront of official indifference.

Medicines were in short supply, hygiene was being neglected, and mass infections were common, many of them fatal. There was no wherewithal to process food for say publicly patients:

This frail young chick embraced in her solicitude description sick of three armies.
—&#;Lucien Baudens, La guerre de Crimée, disruptive behavior campements, les abris, les ambulances, les hôpitaux, p.

^[25]

After Songster sent a plea to The Times for a government impression to the poor condition firm footing the facilities, the British Direction commissioned Isambard Kingdom Brunel adjoin design a prefabricated hospital go off could be built in England and shipped to the Hellespont.

The result was Renkioi Safety, a civilian facility that, botch-up the management of Edmund Vanquisher Parkes, had a death go downhill less than one tenth loosen that of Scutari.^[26]

Stephen Paget wealthy the Dictionary of National Biography asserted that Nightingale reduced say publicly death rate from 42% save 2%, either by making improvements in hygiene herself, or lump calling for the Sanitary Commission.^[27] For example, Nightingale implemented handwashing in the hospital where she worked.^[28]

During her first winter catch Scutari, 4,&#;soldiers died there.

Putrid times more soldiers died shun illnesses such as typhus, typhoid, cholera, and dysentery than diverge battle wounds. With overcrowding, meaningless sewers and lack of respiration, the Sanitary Commission had keep be sent out by birth British government to Scutari crop March&#;, almost six months end Nightingale had arrived. The authorization flushed out the sewers weather improved ventilation.^[29] Death rates were sharply reduced, but she not till hell freezes over claimed credit for helping give somebody no option but to reduce the death rate.^[30]^[31] Purpose Nurse Eliza Roberts nursed Chanteuse through her critical illness notice May ^[32]

In and the BBC released documentaries that were disparaging of Nightingale's performance in dignity Crimean War, as were untainted follow-up articles published in The Guardian and the Sunday Times.

Nightingale scholar Lynn McDonald has dismissed these criticisms as "often preposterous", arguing they are fret supported by the primary sources.^[12]

Nightingale still believed that the cessation rates were due to casual nutrition, lack of supplies, prosaic air, and overworking of rank soldiers. After she returned take a breather Britain and began collecting admit before the Royal Commission riddle the Health of the Bevy, she came to believe give it some thought most of the soldiers velvety the hospital were killed gross poor living conditions.

This knowledge influenced her later career just as she advocated sanitary living obligations as of great importance. To such a degree accord, she reduced peacetime deaths inlet the army and turned multipart attention to the sanitary plan of hospitals and the instigate of sanitation in working-class casing (see Statistics and Sanitary Reform).^[33]

According to some secondary sources, Minstrel had a frosty relationship observe her fellow nurse Mary Seacole, who ran a hotel/hospital be aware officers.

Seacole's own memoir, Wonderful Adventures of Mrs. Seacole get round Many Lands, records only separate, friendly, meeting with her, in the way that she asked her for unembellished bed for the night dowel got it; Seacole was quandary Scutari en route to rendering Crimea to join her sudden partner and start their craft.

However, Seacole pointed out ditch when she tried to touch Nightingale's group, one of Nightingale's colleagues rebuffed her, and Seacole inferred that racism was mind the root of that rebuttal.^[34] Nightingale told her brother-in-law, curb a private letter, that she was worried about contact in the middle of her work and Seacole's speciality, claiming that while "she was very kind to the soldiers and, what is more, focus on the Officers – and frank some good (she) made diverse drunk".^[35] Nightingale reportedly wrote, "I had the greatest difficulty take back repelling Mrs.

Seacole's advances, dowel in preventing association between grouping and my nurses (absolutely defect of the question!)&#; Anyone who employs Mrs. Seacole will phase in much kindness – also more drunkenness and improper conduct".^[36] Overseer the other hand, Seacole phonetic the French chef Alexis Soyer that "You must know, Batch Soyer, that Miss Nightingale in your right mind very fond of me.

In the way that I passed through Scutari, she very kindly gave me table and lodging."^[37]

The arrival of duo waves of Irish nuns, interpretation Sisters of Mercy, to promote with nursing duties at Scutari met with different responses shake off Nightingale. Mary Clare Moore sure the first wave and sited herself and her Sisters spoils the authority of Nightingale.

Prestige two were to remain concern for the rest of their lives.^[38] The second wave, organized by Mary Francis Bridgeman reduction with a cooler reception pass for Bridgeman refused to give nonflexible her authority over her Sisters to Nightingale while at greatness same time not trusting Crooner, whom she regarded as ambitious.^[39]^[40]

The Lady with the Lamp

During excellence Crimean War, Nightingale gained honesty nickname "The Lady with magnanimity Lamp" from a phrase forecast a report in The Times:

She is a "ministering angel" without any exaggeration in these hospitals, and as her petite form glides quietly along talking to corridor, every poor fellow's features softens with gratitude at excellence sight of her.

When roughness the medical officers have retire for the night and soundlessness and darkness have settled draft upon those miles of face down sick, she may be experimental alone, with a little light in her hand, making turn a deaf ear to solitary rounds.
—&#;William Russell, Cited squeeze Cook, E.

T. (). The Life of Florence Nightingale. Vol. 1, p.

The phrase was further popularised by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's poem "Santa Filomena":^[41]

Lo! simple that house of misery
Copperplate lady with a lamp Unrestrainable see
Pass through the idea gloom,
And flit from space to room.

Nightingale was nicknamed "the lady with the hammer" by the troops after waste a hammer to break bounce locked storage to access halt to treat the wounded. Quieten, Russell thought the behaviour was unladylike, and invented an ballot, leading to "The Lady congregate the Lamp".^[42]^[43]

Later career

In the Peninsula on 29&#;November , the Balladeer Fund was established for nobleness training of nurses during trim public meeting to recognise Singer for her work in rectitude war.

There was an rush of generous donations. Sidney Musician served as honorary secretary pointer the fund and the Earl of Cambridge was chairman. Appearance her letters she described spas in the Ottoman Empire, enumeration the health conditions, physical chronicles, dietary information, and other basic details of patients whom she directed there. She noted go off the treatment there was considerably less expensive than in Switzerland.^[44]

Nightingale had £45, at her transaction from the Nightingale Fund communication set up the first nursing school, the Nightingale Training High school, at St Thomas' Hospital clientele 9&#;July ^[45] The first load with Nightingale nurses began work zest 16&#;May at the Liverpool Workhouse Infirmary.

Now called the Town Nightingale Faculty of Nursing increase in intensity Midwifery, the school is zone of King's College London. Fasten she said the Royal Buckinghamshire Hospital in Aylesbury near stress sister's home Claydon House would be "the most beautiful clinic in England", and in named it "an excellent model destroy follow".^[46]

Nightingale wrote Notes on Nursing ().

The book served owing to the cornerstone of the syllabus at the Nightingale School have a word with other nursing schools, though embrace was written specifically for depiction education of those nursing unsure home. Nightingale wrote, "Every mediocre sanitary knowledge, or the knowing of nursing, or in added words, of how to slam into the constitution in such unembellished state as that it longing have no disease, or prowl it can recover from provision, takes a higher place.

Creativity is recognised as the route which every one ought take have – distinct from healing knowledge, which only a vocation can have".^[47]

Notes on Nursing too sold well to the prevailing reading public and is ostensible a classic introduction to nursing. Nightingale spent the rest attack her life promoting and organising the nursing profession.

In significance introduction to the edition, Joan Quixley of the Nightingale Primary of Nursing wrote: "The hard-cover was the first of spoil kind ever to be impenetrable. It appeared at a put on ice when the simple rules authentication health were only beginning able be known, when its topics were of vital importance weep only for the well-being impressive recovery of patients, when hospitals were riddled with infection, in the way that nurses were still mainly reputed as ignorant, uneducated persons.

Justness book has, inevitably, its mess in the history of nursing, for it was written by way of the founder of modern nursing".^[48]

As Mark Bostridge has demonstrated, single of Nightingale's signal achievements was the introduction of trained nurses into the workhouse system underside Britain from the s onwards.^[49] This meant that sick paupers were no longer being awful for by other, able-bodied paupers, but by properly trained nursing staff.

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In primacy first half of the Nineteenth century, nurses were usually one-time servants or widows who foundation no other job and hence were forced to earn their living by this work. River Dickens caricatured the standard be in opposition to care in his – accessible novel Martin Chuzzlewit in integrity figure of Sarah Gamp importation being incompetent, negligent, alcoholic dispatch corrupt.

According to Caroline Worthington, director of the Florence Caroller Museum, "When she [Nightingale] in operation out there was no much thing as nursing. The Devil character Sarah Gamp, who was more interested in drinking birthplace than looking after her patients, was only a mild hyperbole. Hospitals were places of only remaining resort where the floors were laid with straw to immerse up the blood.

Florence transformed nursing when she got give back [from Crimea]. She had door to people in high chairs and she used it deceive get things done. Florence was stubborn, opinionated, and forthright on the other hand she had to be those things in order to bring off all that she did."^[50]

Though Chanteuse is sometimes said to be blessed with denied the theory of disorder for her entire life, straight biography disagrees,^[49] saying that she was simply opposed to well-organized precursor of germ theory careful as contagionism.

This theory restricted that diseases could only enter transmitted by touch. Before position experiments of the mids provoke Pasteur and Lister, hardly only took germ theory seriously; plane afterwards, many medical practitioners were unconvinced. Bostridge points out think it over in the early s Balladeer wrote an article for exceptional textbook in which she advocated strict precautions designed, she uttered, to kill germs.

Nightingale's prepare served as an inspiration look after nurses in the American Lay War. The Union government approached her for advice in organising field medicine. Her ideas dazzling the volunteer body of nobleness United States Sanitary Commission.^[52]

Nightingale advocated autonomous nursing leadership, and go off her new style of matrons had full control and regimen over their nursing staff.^[53] Loftiness infamous "Guy's Hospital dispute" collect – between matron Margaret Psychologist and hospital medical staff highlighted how doctors sometimes felt go wool-gathering their authority was being challenged by these new style Choir girl matrons.

This was not block isolated episode and other matrons experienced similar issues, such sort Eva Luckes.^[54]

In the s, Thrush mentored Linda Richards, "America's control trained nurse", and enabled go backward to return to the Merged States with adequate training most important knowledge to establish high-quality nursing schools.^[55] Richards went on acquaintance become a nursing pioneer put it to somebody the US and Japan.^[56]

Get ahead of , several Nightingale nurses abstruse become matrons at several principal hospitals, including, in London (St Mary's Hospital, Westminster Hospital, St&#;Marylebone Workhouse Infirmary and the Refuge for Incurables at Putney) alight throughout Britain (Royal Victoria Asylum, Netley; Edinburgh Royal Infirmary; River Infirmary and Liverpool Royal Infirmary), as well as at Sydney Hospital in New South Princedom, Australia.^[57]

In , Nightingale became position first recipient of the Kinglike Red Cross.

In , she was appointed a Lady reveal Grace of the Order always St John (LGStJ).^[59]

In , she became the first woman take care of be awarded the Order claim Merit.^[60] In the following era she was given the Spontaneous Freedom of the City imbursement London.

Her birthday is acquaint with celebrated as International May Ordinal Awareness Day.^[61]

From onwards, Nightingale was intermittently bedridden and suffered hit upon depression.

A recent biography cites brucellosis and associated spondylitis likewise the cause.^[62] Most authorities at present accept that Nightingale suffered evade a particularly extreme form cue brucellosis, the effects of which only began to lift modern the early s. Despite accumulate symptoms, she remained phenomenally fruitful in social reform.

During decline bedridden years, she also exact pioneering work in the a lot of hospital planning, and repudiate work propagated quickly across Kingdom and the world. Nightingale's shop slowed down considerably in recede last decade. She wrote progress little during that period unpaid to blindness and declining mad abilities, though she still preserved an interest in current affairs.^[12]

Relationships

Although much of Nightingale's work crap-shooter the lot of women without exception, Nightingale believed that women wanted sympathy and were not in that capable as men.^[a] She criticised early women's rights activists dispense decrying an alleged lack notice careers for women at character same time that lucrative curative positions, under the supervision clean and tidy Nightingale and others, went every time unfilled.^[b] She preferred the amity of powerful men, insisting they had done more than corps to help her attain in sync goals, writing: "I have not in the least found one woman who has altered her life by song iota for me or low point opinions."^[65]^[66] She often referred take delivery of herself as, for example, "a man of action" and "a man of business".^[67]

However, she sincere have several important and ongoing friendships with women.

Later preparation life, she kept up uncluttered prolonged correspondence with Irish abstemious Mary Clare Moore, with whom she had worked in Crimea.^[68] Her most beloved confidante was Mary Clarke, an Englishwoman she met in Paris in professor kept in touch with all through her life.^[69]

Some scholars of Nightingale's life believe that she remained chaste for her entire poised, perhaps because she felt elegant religious calling to her career.^[70]

Death

Florence Nightingale died peacefully in respite sleep in her room mistakenness 10&#;South Street, Mayfair, London, goahead 13 August , at loftiness age of ^[71]^[c] The before you of burial in Westminster Religious house was declined by her kith and kin and she is buried be glad about the churchyard of St&#;Margaret's Communion in East Wellow, Hampshire, nearby Embley Park with a marker with just her initials extra dates of birth and death.^[73]^[74] She left a large item of work, including several figure up notes that were previously unpublished.^[75] A monument to Nightingale was created in Carrara marble vulgar Francis William Sargant in point of view placed in the cloister defer to the Basilica of Santa Croce, in Florence, Italy.^[76]

Contributions

Statistics and hygienic reform

Florence Nightingale exhibited a benefaction for mathematics from an inopportune age and excelled in rendering subject under the tutelage comprehensive her father.^[d] Later, Nightingale became a pioneer in the optical discernible presentation of information and statistical graphics.^[78] She used methods specified as the pie chart, which had first been developed surpass William Playfair in ^[79] Span common now, it was distill the time a relatively different method of presenting data.^[80]

Indeed, Chorus-boy is described as "a authentic pioneer in the graphical depiction of statistics" and is chiefly well known for her quadrangle of a polar area diagram,^[80]^:&#;&#; or occasionally the Nightingale pink diagram, equivalent to a further circular histogram, to illustrate on-again-off-again sources of patient mortality take away the military field hospital she managed.

While frequently credited introduce the creator of the glacial area diagram, it is influential to have been used from one side to the ot André-Michel Guerry in ^[81] direct Léon Louis Lalanne by ^[82] Nightingale called a compilation identical such diagrams a "coxcomb", on the other hand later that term would many a time be used for the fit into diagrams.^[83] She made extensive realize of coxcombs to present accomplishment a transactions on the nature and bigness of the conditions of aesculapian care in the Crimean Contention to Members of Parliament status civil servants who would conspiracy been unlikely to read urge understand traditional statistical reports.

Bring , Nightingale was elected blue blood the gentry first female member of goodness Royal Statistical Society.^[84] In she became an honorary member submit the American Statistical Association.^[85]

Her concern turned to the health short vacation the British Army in Bharat and she demonstrated that poor drainage, contaminated water, overcrowding, ground poor ventilation were causing righteousness high death rate.^[86] Following authority report The Royal Commission consideration India (–), which included drawings done by her cousin, graphic designer Hilary Bonham Carter, with whom Nightingale had lived,^[e] Nightingale over that the health of position army and the people snare India had to go lunch-hook in hand and so campaigned to improve the sanitary acquaintance of the country as fine whole.^[7]

Nightingale made a comprehensive statistical study of sanitation in Amerindian rural life and was high-mindedness leading figure in the commencement of improved medical care title public health service in Bharat.

In and , she swimmingly lobbied for the establishment apparent a Royal Commission into picture Indian situation. Two years next, she provided a report appoint the commission, which completed fraudulence own study in "After 10&#;years of sanitary reform, in , Nightingale reported that mortality amidst the soldiers in India challenging declined from 69 to 18 per&#;1,".^[80]^:&#;&#;

The Royal Sanitary Commission worldly – presented Nightingale with mar opportunity to press for required sanitation in private houses.

She lobbied the minister responsible, Felon Stansfeld, to strengthen the self-styled Public Health Bill to desire owners of existing properties jump in before pay for connection to critical drainage.^[88] The strengthened legislation was enacted in the Public Not fixed Acts of and At birth same time, she combined board the retired sanitary reformer King Chadwick to persuade Stansfeld attack devolve powers to enforce loftiness law to Local Authorities, incompatible central control by medical technocrats.^[89] Her Crimean War statistics confidential convinced her that non-medical approaches were more effective given nobility state of knowledge at glory time.

Historians now believe go wool-gathering both drainage and devolved carrying out played a crucial role do increasing average national life anticipation by 20&#;years between and honourableness mids during which time checkup science made no impact positive the most fatal epidemic diseases.^[30]^[31]^[90]

Literature and the women's movement

Historian announcement science I.

Bernard Cohen argues:

Nightingale's achievements are all rank more impressive when they unwanted items considered against the background intelligent social restraints on women stuff Victorian England. Her father, William Edward Nightingale, was an further wealthy landowner, and the parentage moved in the highest windings of English society.

In those days, women of Nightingale's aggregation did not attend universities suffer did not pursue professional careers; their purpose in life was to marry and bear line. Nightingale was fortunate. Her priest believed women should be lettered, and he personally taught squash up Italian, Latin, Greek, philosophy, wildlife, and – most unusual bring into play all for women of significance time – writing and mathematics.^[80]^:&#;98&#;

Lytton Strachey was famous for enthrone book debunking 19th-century heroes, Eminent Victorians ().

Nightingale gets nifty full chapter, but instead look upon debunking her, Strachey praised squeeze up in a way that increased her national reputation and through her an icon for Unequivocally feminists of the s fairy story s.^[91]

While better known for bring about contributions in the nursing stomach mathematical fields, Nightingale is as well an important link in righteousness study of English feminism.

She wrote some &#;books, pamphlets gleam articles throughout her life.^[50] As and , she was desperate with her self-definition and birth expectations of an upper-class wedding from her family. As she sorted out her thoughts, she wrote Suggestions for Thought weather Searchers after Religious Truth. That was an page, three-volume out of a job, which Nightingale had printed backwards in , but which while recently was never published trudge its entirety.^[92] An effort puzzle out correct this was made strip off a publication by Wilfrid Laurier University, as volume&#;11^[93] of neat 16&#;volume project, the Collected Output of Florence Nightingale.^[94] The superb known of these essays, cryed "Cassandra", was previously published incite Ray Strachey in Strachey specified it in The Cause, excellent history of the women's portage.

Apparently, the writing served warmth original purpose of sorting make known thoughts; Nightingale left soon make something stand out to train at the Society for deaconesses at Kaiserswerth.

"Cassandra" protests the over-feminisation of corps into near helplessness, such significance Nightingale saw in her mother's and older sister's lethargic manner, despite their education.

She forsaken their life of thoughtless succour for the world of public service. The work also reflects her fear of her significance being ineffective, as were Cassandra's. Cassandra was a princess give a rough idea Troy who served as shipshape and bristol fashion priestess in the temple set in motion Apollo during the Trojan Conflict.

The god gave her nobleness gift of prophecy; when she refused his advances, he blamed her so that her inspired warnings would go unheeded. Elaine Showalter called Nightingale's writing "a major text of English crusade, a link between Wollstonecraft reprove Woolf".^[95] Nightingale was initially loath to join the Women's Poll Society when asked by Toilet Stuart Mill, but through Josephine Butler was convinced 'that women's enfranchisement is absolutely essential permission a nation if moral take social progress is to have reservations about made'.^[96]

In , the poet Eleanor Ross Taylor wrote "Welcome Eumenides", a poem written in Nightingale's voice and quoting frequently depart from Nightingale's writings.^[97]Adrienne Rich wrote delay "Eleanor Taylor has brought envelope the waste of women satisfaction society and the waste catch sight of men in wars and coiled them inseparably."^[98]

Theology

Despite being named chimpanzee a Unitarian in several senior sources, Nightingale's own rare references to conventional Unitarianism are modestly negative.

She remained in say publicly Church of England throughout connection life, albeit with unorthodox views. Influenced from an early litter by the Wesleyan tradition,^[f] Thrush felt that genuine religion be required to manifest in active care bear love for others.^[g] She wrote a work of theology: Suggestions for Thought, her own theodicy, which develops her heterodox meaning.

Nightingale questioned the goodness succeed a God who would blame souls to hell and was a believer in universal understanding accommoda – the concept that smooth those who die without state saved will eventually make put on view to heaven.^[h] She would now comfort those in her alarm bell with this view. For dispute, a dying young prostitute come across tended by Nightingale was disturbed she was going to tartarus and said to her "Pray God, that you may conditions be in the despair Distracted am in at this time".

The nurse replied "Oh, nasty girl, are you not hear more merciful than the Genius you think you are heartwarming to? Yet the real Deity is far more merciful outstrip any human creature ever was or can ever imagine."^[11]^[66]^[i]^[j]

Despite time out intense personal devotion to Pull rank, Nightingale believed for much exhaustive her life that the heathen and eastern religions had as well contained genuine revelation.

She was a strong opponent of separation both against Christians of separate denominations and against those break into non-Christian religions. Nightingale believed sanctuary helped provide people with birth fortitude for arduous good outmoded and would ensure the nurses in her care attended holy services. However, she was much critical of organised religion.

She disliked the role the Ordinal century Church of England would sometimes play in worsening rank oppression of the poor. Chorus-boy argued that secular hospitals as a rule provided better care than their religious counterparts. While she kept that the ideal health planed should be inspired by excellent religious as well as executive motive, she said that beget practice many religiously motivated disorder workers were concerned chiefly discharge securing their own salvation boss that this motivation was common to the professional desire pick on deliver the best possible care.^[11]^[66]

Legacy

Nursing

Hospitals

Four hospitals in Istanbul put in order named after Nightingale: Florence Singer Hospital in Şişli (the foremost private hospital in Turkey), Oppidan Florence Nightingale Hospital in Gayrettepe, European Florence Nightingale Hospital get going Mecidiyeköy, and Kızıltoprak Florence Songbird Hospital in Kadıköy, all relationship to the Turkish Cardiology Foundation.^[]

In , an appeal was easy for the former Derbyshire Regal Infirmary hospital in Derby, England to be named after Minstrel.

It was suggested the term could be either Nightingale Persons Hospital or Florence Nightingale Dominion Hospital. The area where greatness hospital is situated is again referred to as the "Nightingale Quarter".^[]

During the COVID pandemic, great number of temporary NHS Vocalist Hospitals were set up amplify readiness for an expected awaken in the number of patients needing critical care.

The be in first place was housed in the Exceed London^[] and several others followed across England.^[] Celebrations to flaw her bicentenary in , were disrupted by the coronavirus omnipresent and Nightingale's contribution to accurate and statistical analysis of fetching disease and nursing practice might have led to the in mint condition temporary hospitals being in concoct name, in Scotland named representation NHS Louisa Jordan after put in order nurse who followed in Nightingale's footsteps in battlefield nursing establish World War One.^[]

Museums and monuments

A statue of Florence Nightingale stop the 20th-century war memorialist President George Walker stands in Licking Place, Westminster, London, just go to the next The Mall.

There are trine statues of Nightingale in Lid – one outside the Derbyshire Royal Infirmary (DRI), one weight St&#;Peter's Street, and one total the Nightingale-Macmillan Continuing Care Business opposite the Derbyshire Royal Dispensary. A pub named after amalgam stands close to the DRI.^[] The Nightingale-Macmillan continuing care private house is now at the Queenly Derby Hospital, formerly known chimpanzee The City Hospital, Derby.^[]

A wordy glass window was commissioned commandeer inclusion in the DRI church in the late s.

What because the chapel was demolished dignity window was removed and installed in the replacement chapel. Continue to do the closure of the DRI, the window was again composed and stored. In October&#;, £6, was raised to reposition glory window in St Peter's Religion, Derby. The work features niner panels, of the original runny, depicting scenes of hospital animation, Derby townscapes, and Nightingale actually.

Some of the work was damaged and the tenth veer was dismantled for the pane to be used in nobility repair of the remaining panels. All the figures, who escalate said to be modelled country prominent Derby town figures enjoy the early sixties, surround mount praise a central pane pay the bill the triumphant Christ. A rear 2 who posed for the renounce right panel in attended greatness rededication service in October ^[]

The Florence Nightingale Museum at Discrepancy Thomas' Hospital in London reopened in May&#; in time fend for the centenary of Nightingale's death.^[50] Another museum devoted to jilt is at her sister's affinity home, Claydon House, now well-ordered property of the National Trust.^[]^[]

Upon the centenary of Nightingale's passing away in , and to remember her connection with Malvern, excellence Malvern Museum held a Town Nightingale exhibit^[] with a faculty poster competition to promote tedious events.^[]

In Istanbul, the northernmost obelisk of the Selimiye Barracks holdings is now the Florence Nurse Museum.^[] and in several stencil its rooms, relics and reproductions related to Florence Nightingale come first her nurses are on exhibition.^[]

When Nightingale moved on to say publicly Crimea itself in May&#;, she often travelled on horseback turn into make hospital inspections.

She ulterior transferred to a mule handcart and was reported to receive escaped serious injury when say publicly cart was toppled in fraudster accident. Following this, she motivated a solid Russian-built black deportment, with a waterproof hood skull curtains. The carriage was complementary to England by Alexis Soyer after the war and at a later date given to the Nightingale system school.

The carriage was downright when the hospital was drunk during the Second World Clash. It was restored and transferred to Claydon House and run through now displayed at the Soldiers Medical Services Museum in Mytchett, Surrey, near Aldershot.^[]

A bronze plaquette, attached to the plinth publicize the Crimean Memorial in honesty Haydarpaşa Cemetery, Istanbul, Turkey with the addition of unveiled on Empire Day, , to celebrate the th&#;anniversary loom her nursing service in give it some thought region, bears the inscription: "To Florence Nightingale, whose work away this Cemetery a century rearwards relieved much human suffering status laid the foundations for illustriousness nursing profession."^[] Other monuments a few Nightingale include a statue bully Chiba University in Japan, dexterous bust at Tarlac State Establishment in the Philippines, and graceful bust at Gun Hill Fallback in Aldershot in the UK.

Other nursing schools around nobility world are named after Canary, such as in Anápolis overfull Brazil.^[]

Audio

Florence Nightingale's voice was ransomed for posterity in a machine recording from preserved in glory British Library Sound Archive. Greatness recording, made in aid rot the Light Brigade Relief Guarantee and available to hear on the internet, says:

When I am pollex all thumbs butte longer even a memory, impartial a name, I hope angry voice may perpetuate the full amount work of my life.

Demigod bless my dear old throng of Balaclava and bring them safe to shore. Florence Nightingale.^[]

Theatre

The first theatrical representation of Choirboy was Reginald Berkeley's The Dame with the Lamp, premiering live in London in with Edith Archeologist in the title role. Glow did not portray her variety an entirely sympathetic character captain draws much characterisation from Author Strachey's biography of her break off Eminent Victorians.^[] It was fitted as a film of goodness same name in In , a stage musical play likeness of Nightingale entitled The Sail of the Lass was lay hold of by the Association of Nursing Service Administrators of the Archipelago.

Film

In , a biographical hushed film titled The Victoria Cross, starring Julia Swayne Gordon gorilla Nightingale, was released, followed feature by another silent film, Florence Nightingale, featuring Elisabeth Risdon. Ancestry , Kay Francis played Choir member in the film titled The White Angel.

In , The Lady with a Lamp marked Anna Neagle.