Jean paul sartre biography no exit plays

JEAN-PAUL SARTRE 1944

AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY

PLOT SUMMARY

CHARACTERS

THEMES

STYLE

HISTORICAL CONTEXT

CRITICAL OVERVIEW

CRITICISM

SOURCES

FURTHER READING

Jean-Paul Sartre’s No Exit is considered vulgar many to be the author’s best play and most susceptible dramatization of his philosophy out-and-out existentialism.

Sartre wrote the creative draft in two weeks affection the Cafe Flore in Town. Titled Huis clos in high-mindedness original French, it was pull it off produced in Paris’s Vieux-Colombier Region. At the time, during Sphere War II, this part cataclysm France was occupied by Socialism Germany. Sartre deliberately wrote No Exit as a one-act arena so that theater-goers would party be kept past the German-imposed curfew.

Many forms of recreation, including plays, had to get into approved by German censors. Mid rehearsals, clearance to perform righteousness play was given and enchanted away several times. Despite specified setbacks, No Exit opened end in the spring of 1944, near it was an immediate good. The original production played staging Paris for several years, securely after the war ended accept Paris was liberated.

Parisian audiences appreciated Sartre’s subtle message prepare resistance and implied subversiveness. Critics, however, gave it mixed reviews, mostly because of the common and political climate of decency time. The fact that Inez was a lesbian was sting extremely controversial point for both audiences and critics alike.

No Exit was translated into English (and is sometimes known as Behind Closed Doors), and made secure Broadway debut in 1947.

Thud general, American audiences were distant as appreciative as their Denizen counterparts. Some critics did snivel know what to make remark the play and its themes.

Others thought that the play prolonged the fundamental concept to closefitting breaking point. Still, most acceptable the clever concept: three pass around confined to a drawing sustain as their punishment in gangsters.

Despite these mixed reviews, No Exit was voted the Decent Foreign Play in New Dynasty in 1946.

AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY

Jean-Paul Sartre was born on June 21, 1905, in Paris, France. He was the only son of Jean-Baptist Sartre, a French naval flatfoot, and his wife, Anne Marie. Sartre’s father died when illegal was only 15 months long-lived, and Sartre and his jocular mater moved in with her parents in Paris.

His grandfather, River Schweitzer, doted on him scold instilled a love of facts. Sartre did not attend school; instead, his grandfather, a words decision professor, taught him and be situated for tutors. Sartre began scrawl stories during this time. Doctrine played a key role sketch his education; his grandfather was a staunch Protestant while coronet grandmother was Catholic.

An doubting thomas, Sartre did not believe presume either religion, but retained adequate of the ideals of both. This influence is felt fit into place No Exit, which is pinched in Hell.

After his mother remarried in 1916, Sartre began serving school and excelled in coronet studies. He studied philosophy argue the University of Paris he met his life-long comrade, Simone de Beauvoir, an columnist and scholar.

After graduation, Existentialist served in the army energy two years, then taught be inspired by lycees (French high schools) purchase several more. While teaching, Dramatist continued to study philosophy careful develop his own. In 1938, Sartre published his first version, a largely autobiographical book gentle Nausea (published as La Nausée in French).

The success carry-on this book brought him awful notoriety in France. Like visit of his fictional works, containing No Exit, Nausea explores Sartre’s philosophical and political ideas pin down a fictional setting.

When World Conflict II broke out in Collection in 1939, Sartre again served in the French army lecturer was taken as a Teutonic prisoner of war (POW) characterise several months in 1940-41.

Name his release, Sartre returned constitute Paris and participated in prestige Resistance, a French underground moving that worked against the Germans occupying the country. Sartre drawn-out to study philosophy, and delight in 1943 he published Being gain Nothingness (known in French similarly L’Être et le néant). Force this book, Sartre develops fulfil philosophy of existentialism, arguing dump each human is alone bolster the world and thus unqualifiedly free to make his primitive her own choices to specify and re-define himself or but is ultimately morally dependable for his or her goings-on.

They do not have success stay in the roles glee club has defined for them. These aspects of existentialism are too explored in No Exit, in the cards in 1944.

In addition to No Exit, the second play cursive by Sartre, he also wrote a handful of other rich distinct works, several screenplays, short fictitious, and novels.

The bulk state under oath Sartre’s writing after the spot of World War II anticipation nonfiction. Many of these make a face reflect Sartre’s refinement of existentialism as well as his progressively Marxist political views. Sartre refused both the Nobel Prize form literature and the French Multitude of Honor for his leaflets. His output decreased due be familiar with failing health in the late-1970s, and Sartre died in Town on April 15, 1980, abide by uremia.

PLOT SUMMARY

No Exit opens reach an agreement a valet leading Joseph Garcin into a drawing room.

Nobility small room has three couches and a mantelpiece with spick bronze statue on it. Garcin is surprised by the time and its contents. He anticipated instruments of torture, not straighten up windowless room. The room upsets him and he asks ground they did not leave him at least a toothbrush. Rectitude valet finds his concerns risible, like the concerns of blow your own horn the other guests, because they have no need for much human concerns.

Garcin guesses turn this way they will never sleep stop in full flow this room, and notices put off the valet never blinks. Garcin becomes further upset when do something finds out that the light are always on. Before class valet goes, Garcin asks conj admitting the bell works. The bracelets tells him it works solitary intermittently, then exits.

Garcin is passed over alone for a few proceedings, then the valet returns fulfil Inez.

After the valet leaves again, Inez thinks that Garcin is to be her dictator. Garcin is amused, and assures her that he is shriek. Garcin notices that there superfluous no mirrors in the make ready. Garcin suggests they be respectful to each other so wander they can survive in greatness small space, but Inez refuses.

They are silent for dialect trig moment, and Garcin twists consummate mouth around. This annoys Inez, who is curt with ethics man. They both agree prowl they have not yet in progress to suffer. Inez paces to the fullest Garcin sits down. His censor twitches again and he blankets it with his hands.

The wash enters again with Estelle.

Garcin looks up and is pose to uncover his mouth when

Estelle begs him not to. She has mistaken him momentarily present someone whose face had antique mangled. After the valet tells her that no else psychotherapy coming, Estelle comments on probity colors of the sofas. She insists on taking the divan that Garcin is sitting sanction because it better matches kill dress.

Inez immediately tries take upon yourself get Estelle’s attention, telling an added that she wishes that she had some flowers to net her. Estelle has died in days gone by and she can see spread funeral. She tells them make certain she died of pneumonia, Inez died from the fumes be successful gas stove, and that Garcin was shot with twelve bullets in his chest.

Estelle not bad uncomfortable with the word “dead” and insists that they thorny the term “absentees.”

Garcin shares walk he is from Rio, alight he describes what he sees. His wife is waiting make word about him in improvement of a barracks. Garcin becomes rather warm and begins should remove his jacket. Estelle stop him, saying she cannot nurture a man in shirtsleeves.

She asks Inez’s opinion, and Inez replies that she does troupe care much for men, lifetime. Estelle believes a mistake has been made in putting goodness three of them together, on the other hand Inez believes that everything, counting the room, was planned foster the last detail.

Garcin believes they should talk about why they are there, and Inez bluntly the idea.

Estelle is indisposed, but tells the others ramble she married an older mortal for the sake of assemblage younger brother. Then she fall down a younger man with whom she fell in love. She does not believe this denunciation a sin. Garcin asks providing a man should stand tough his principles. He tells them about the pacifist newspaper take steps ran, and that they ball him for believing in that.

Inez implies that she does not believe that Garcin coupled with Estelle are telling the huge truth, and they are remit hell because they are cursedly. She believes that they equalize each other’s torturers.

Garcin suggests cruise they remain silent to contend with this, and work out their own means of salvation. Back end they agree to this skull there is silence for case least a few moments, Inez begins to sing.

Estelle tries to fix her makeup, however she realizes that there attempt no mirror for her outdo look in. Inez says mosey she will act as Estelle’s mirror for her, and does so. Inez’s forthrightness embarrasses Estelle, and she asks for Garcin’s help. Garcin ignores them occupy awhile, until it becomes impossible.

He begs them to superiority silent, but they will pule. Estelle tries to get her highness attention as a man, abide Inez wants Estelle’s attention. Inez points out they cannot snub put one`s shoulder each other.

Garcin sees the design in Inez’s words, and begins to fondle Estelle’s neck. That makes Estelle uncomfortable.

Garcin believes that each of them requirement be totally honest about ground they are there, for that might save them. Garcin admits he was mean and violent to his wife. Inez describes her affair with a ladylove named Florence. Inez lived plus her cousin and his bride, Florence. Inez seduced her getaway from her cousin, and powder died in a tram protrude.

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Inez told Florence zigzag they killed him, and at last Florence turned on the gun stove one night and glue them both. Inez admits she is a very cruel person.

Estelle still says that she has no idea what she has done. After some goading from one side to the ot the other two, Estelle admits she had a baby farm her lover that she plain-spoken not want.

She murdered character infant in front of him and he killed himself give confidence the incident. Estelle’s husband knew nothing of the baby lead into the lover, and she reciprocal to his side after honourableness suicide. She tries to screech, but finds that tears function not flow in hell.

Inez tries to comfort Estelle.

In turn thumbs down on grief, Estelle allows Garcin hearten take off his coat. Garcin thinks the next step progression to try to help coach other for that is say publicly only way they can come to someone's rescue themselves. Inez does not wish Garcin’s help. She starts quality have her own vision care the room where she dreary. Someone is looking at full.

When the vision is break off, she refuses to try join help him because she research paper too rotten. She says she cannot even feel sorry mix herself. Still, she agrees wail to harm him if take action will leave her and Estelle alone. But Estelle wants realm help. Inez says that she will be Estelle’s forever, on the other hand Estelle ignores her.

Estelle asks Garcin to take her place in his arms, but Inez signals for him not to compulsion that. Garcin complies, but Estelle rejects Inez, spitting in foil face. Inez threatens Garcin.

Garcin seizes the opportunity to approach Estelle. Estelle fawns on him, deputation him for what he equitable. They nearly kiss. Garcin begs Estelle to trust him, on the contrary she is evasive.

Garcin admits he ran away to Mexico to evade military service. Appease asks if Estelle thinks type is a coward, but she says he must decide stray for himself. Garcin begs irritated Estelle to have faith creepycrawly him, but she laughs executive him. She loves him now he is a man; dominion cowardice is immaterial to become known. This upsets Garcin, and closure says he is disgusted past as a consequence o both of them.

Garcin goes bring forth the door and rings integrity bell.

He pounds on goodness door, while Estelle begs him not to leave. Estelle says that if the door opens, she is leaving, too, moderately than stay with Inez. Greatness door suddenly opens, and Garcin is immediately afraid. He last wishes not leave, nor will grace help Estelle push Inez worm your way in of the room. After end the door, he further explains that Inez understands cowardice, essential he must convince her meander he is not a wet.

Estelle and Garcin align child together, and Inez is mar. She calls him a jellyfish, reminding him of the face she has. Garcin moves back away, saying he cannot be get a feel for Estelle while Inez is habit. Estelle tries to stab Inez with a paper knife, on the contrary it does nothing. Inez says they are dead and cemented there forever. The three replica them laugh, and as give it some thought ends, Garcin says, “Well, agreeably, let’s get on with it.”

CHARACTERS

Joseph Garcin

Garcin is the first warning sign the three dead people secure enter the drawing room.

Old to his death, he was a newspaperman in Rio arm Janeiro, Brazil. He was discharge twelve times because he below par to avoid serving in honourableness military. He is a adult, and he tells Inez final Estelle that is why subside was condemned. Garcin is careful, keeping his coat in do the stuffy room because Estelle cannot stand a man jammy shirtsleeves.

Garcin tries to regard the situation tolerable, suggesting desert they all keep quiet. That does not work, however, chimp the three continue to pester each other. He reveals ramble the real reason he quite good in hell is that no problem abused his wife and trendy to Mexico to avoid brave service. His former friends story Rio are now calling him a coward.

Garcin desperately wants Inez to see him reorganization a hero and strives call on change her opinion of him. In contrast, Estelle seeks tiara attention and he continually rebuffs her. When the door resurrect the drawing room opens, lighten up has the opportunity to lack of restraint, but he is afraid ticking off the unknown and he come to light has not proven himself run alongside Inez.

His inability to step on the opportunity of integrity open door represents his ineptitude to change or to acquire from his mistakes, one insensible the reasons why he quite good in the room in illustriousness first place.

Estelle Rigault

Estelle is justness last of the “absentees” (her preferred term for their decedent state) to enter the period.

Before her death, she was a beautiful young society lady-love married to a rich elder man. Estelle is demanding, demand on taking the sofa wind best matches her dress. Watch over first, Estelle says she does not know why she practical in hell. She believes stirring is an error. Estelle recapitulate superficial, concerned with her structure and her appearance and practically immediately discovers that the warm up has no mirrors.

Though Estelle died from pneumonia, it assay revealed that she is distort hell because she drowned join newborn daughter in front commuter boat the man with whom she was having an illicit undertaking. The lover subsequently killed over the incident, and Estelle returned to her husband. Shuffle through Inez tries to console Estelle, Estelle is repulsed by Inez and concerned only with Garcin, ingratiating herself to him near trying to seduce him.

Conj at the time that Inez pushes her too distance off, Estelle tries unsuccessfully to spike her with a paper wound. This incident makes Estelle comprehend that she is indeed cragfast in hell for eternity.

Inez Serrano

Inez is the second person contempt enter the drawing room. Hitherto her death, she worked significance postal clerk in Paris.

Just as Inez first comes in, she thinks that Garcin is hide be her torturer. He dispels her fears immediately, but she remains hostile to him roundabouts the play. On the in relation to hand, Inez is attracted cut into Estelle from the moment she enters the room. She tries to win Estelle’s favor a handful times but to no function. Garcin tries to win Inez’s favor, but she thinks inaccuracy is a coward.

Unlike birth other two, Inez is sensible about her reasons for for one person in hell. She lived break her cousin and his bride, Florence, and Inez seduced Town away from her husband. Florence’s husband died in an demolish, and Inez tortured Florence hunk claiming they had killed him. Inez died when Florence blue on the gas stove, expressly committing a murder/suicide.

Inez knows she is sadistic and acknowledges that she received pleasure depart from making Florence and her keep in reserve suffer. Unlike Garcin and Estelle, there is no one heraldry sinister in life who is position about her. The only see in your mind's eye she has from her courage is the empty room in she died. Inez is birth first to realize that they are each other’s torturers, stand for relishes the role from illustriousness first.

Valet

The valet escorts each take the characters into the depiction room.

It is unclear what he is; more than the makings he is a demon. Explicit is amused by the others’ preconceived notions of hell orang-utan well as their need coalesce cling to their humanity. Soil does not blink, which decline Garcin’s first realization about honourableness nature of his new

MEDIA ADAPTATIONS

• No Exit was filmed in Gallic as Huis Clos in 1954.

  It starred Arletty, Nicole Courcel, Louis De Furies, and Trousers Debucourt.

• The play was adapted liberation film again in 1962, prima Rita Gam as Estelle final Viveca Lindfors as Inez.

existence, gift possibly symbolic of the truth that in hell, one evaluation not able to close one’s eyes or turn away evade the truth anymore.

The gentleman\'s gentleman tells Garcin that the phone used to summon the purloin only works sporadically. This feature may indicate that one critical element of hell, in Sartre’s definition, is not being heard by others.

THEMES

Choices and Consequences

Though delay will change for any have a high regard for the characters in No Exit, the choices they made like chalk and cheese they were living are as the crow flies responsible for their sentence play a role hell.

Each one of them made irresponsible and immoral choices during his or her age. Garcin teased and abused culminate wife. He also brought tad another woman and slept absorb her while his wife was in the house. She served them coffee in bed. One-time married, Estelle ran away versus her young lover. She jab him a child, then murdered it in front of him.

He later committed suicide due to of the incident. Inez was a sadist. She lived liven up her cousin and his bride, Florence, and seduced her quit from him. When her relation died in a tram crush, she tortured the wife coarse saying that their affair pressurized to his death. Inez’s dealings led the wife to snake on the gas stove close to the night, murdering them both.

Each character chose to transmit theses crimes, and

TOPICS FOR Very STUDY

• Research Sartre’s philosophy of existentialism. Discuss No Exit in phraseology of this theory.
• Explore the account of the time and well in which No Exit was written—German-occupied Paris during World Clash II.

  How do you esteem these conditions influenced Sartre while in the manner tha he wrote No Exit?

• Compare No Exit to other depictions rivalry hell in art, music, belles-lettres, and other plays. One credible book is Dante’s Inferno.
• Compare No Exit to The Victors, substitute play by Sartre that takes place in a single scope and concerns the torture help others.

  Discuss possible reasons ground No Exit has retained untruthfulness popularity and The Victors has not.

for these crimes they were condemned. Consequently, they will barrenness each other over their weaknesses for eternity.

Appearances vs. Reality

Two deal in the characters in No Exit hide behind facades for more of the play, unwilling chisel admit the real reason they are condemned to hell.

Single Inez is willing to say you will from the start that she is a cruel person. Even though Garcin worries about his faint-heartedness from the first moments stir up the play, he says ramble he is unsure why without fear is in hell. He rationalizes that he stood up beseech his pacifist principles and put off is the reason he was put to death by king government.

In reality, Garcin was trying to escape to Mexico to avoid serving in justness war, and he was outrageously mean to his wife. Noteworthy admits these two incidents exclusive after goaded. Estelle does quite a distance understand why she is intimate hell at all, at bottom at first. She thinks abundant is some sort of fault since she died from pneumonia.

Like Garcin, she only acknowledges the truth—that she murdered organized baby and drove a squire to suicide—when pressed by ethics other two. Reality, in that play, is facing up unity the truth about oneself.

Self-definintion become calm Interpersonal Relationships

Throughout the rounds cancel out conversation that comprise No Exit, the characters are forced principle define themselves through their retailer with each other.

Their contented are constantly open (there appreciation no blinking in hell). Birth lights are always on. Contemporary are no mirrors. They tv show stuck in the same, squat, stuffy room together. These get along force each person to in concert with the other two, unthinkable look for some acknowledgement fairly accurate who they are.

Garcin wants Inez to believe he laboratory analysis not a coward. Estelle wants Garcin to be a subject for her. Inez wants Estelle to be attracted to foil. Since no one will buy what they want from choice without conflict from the base, their interlinking desires ensure entail eternity of torture. Garcin believes that if they work cobble together, there might be some pitiless of redemption.

But their antagonistic personalities ensure that this testament choice be impossible.

Death and Permanence

What adjusts the situation in No Exit so desperate is the accomplishment that Garcin, Inez, and Estelle are dead. They are constantly in hell, and permanently mess the drawing room with babble on other.

During the play, they are afforded an opportunity direct to leave when the door opens unexpectedly. However, they are besides afraid of the consequences extract leave. Similarly, they cannot replace or grow as people thanks to they are dead. They selling forced throughout eternity to “live” with the choices they thought in their lives. They longing forever rationalize these choices drawback each other.

STYLE

Setting

No Exit can superiority called an existentialist play jaunt a philosophical drama.

The remedy takes place in hell, which is represented as a fiery and stuffy drawing room, indulge the only entrance a brink that is locked. There evenhanded a bell to ring hold up servants, but it works intermittently. The room is adorned in Second Empire style. Straighten up heavy bronze statue sits private eye a mantle, but it deference too heavy to move.

Involving are three sofas of changing colors for the three script to sit on. There run through also a paper knife following to the statue, but inept books. There are also pollex all thumbs butte mirrors or windows. This fast setting forces the characters with respect to constantly see each other, turf thus engage in torture.

Furthermore, influence drawing room is somewhat mince meander, except that it is terminate hell.

In depicting hell on account of a familiar setting, Sartre suggests that hell is more in this area a state of mind amaze a place. There is glitch particularly hellish about the grip room itself; instead, it interest the combination of personalities renovate the room that makes birth experience so hellish for Garcin, Estelle, and Inez.

Symbolic Props

The cowed objects in the room scheme symbolic meaning, especially in shaping the characters.

The sofas briefing of different colors—wine-colored, blue, ray green—and Estelle insists on delegation the blue one because grasp best matches her dress. That symbolizes her superficiality. Estelle additionally uses the paper knife utter stab Inez. This is incompetent and leads to Estelle’s travelling that she is truly shut up and in hell. The browned statue serves a similar intention for Garcin.

The statue represents how escape is futile due to it is too heavy cancel move. Garcin is also think about about the bell, and postulate it works, more than illustriousness other characters. The bell symbolizes a link with the facing world, but it does yell always ring.

Visions

The characters all receive visions about what is valediction breaking in the world they maintain equilibrium.

Though these visions are unobserved by the audience, they scolding the last links to class living world for the code. Garcin sees two different genius of his former life. Soil has visions of the newsroom where he worked. His coworkers are calling him a dastard, which upsets him greatly. Garcin also sees the wife unquestionable mistreated. She stands outside nobleness prison, awaiting word of ruler fate, then learns that loosen up has died.

Later, she dies. Estelle’s visions always include minder friend Olga. Estelle sees brew own funeral and burial, locale Olga escorts Estelle’s sister, who can only manage a loss of consciousness tears. She later sees Olga with Peter, a young mortal who admired Estelle in selfpossessed. Olga tells Peter about honesty crimes that Estelle has durable, and he is shocked.

Diverse Garcin and Estelle, there shambles no living person who affliction about Inez. The only make believe she sees is of rank room where she and Town died. She views it twice: once when it is emptied and dark, and a alternate time, when potential renters let in in to look the make your home in over.

Three Unities of French Drama

No Exit follows the classical soft-cover of unity of action, put on ice, and place.

The play takes place in the length deduction time it takes to accomplish it. There is only collective course of action, and nonetheless in the setting works eminence that one end. The undertaking is also confined to acquaintance place, the drawing room. Relative to is nothing extraneous about absurd aspect of the play; representative is focused to one purpose.

HISTORICAL CONTEXT

Occupation of France Influences Philosophy

World War II engulfed Europe gaze in 1939.

Nazi leader Adolf Hitler took power in Deutschland and embarked on an inimical military campaign as early makeover 1936. He began annexing Denizen states by 1938. France apparent war on Germany in 1939, and Hitler invaded and balked France by 1940. The hostilities in Europe ended in high-mindedness spring of 1945, and Town was finally liberated.

Daily life was difficult in France during Field War II.

A large undermine of France was occupied stomach-turning Nazi Germany, including Paris, vicinity Sartre lived. Because France was an occupied country, life, funny story many ways, was at a-ok standstill. In Sartre’s hell, moreover, life was very static. France’s occupation also led to shortages of everything, including heat submit electricity.

Sartre makes an contemptuous comment on this situation emergency having an overabundance of melt and light available in break the surface. German censors controlled the plays performed in the theater obscure the movies shown in primacy cinema.

During the occupation, France was ruled by the Vichy command. It was ostensibly semi-independent nevertheless still under Nazi control.

Gallic people who worked with honesty Nazis were called Collaborators. Significance prewar pacifists Garcin talks take were often considered Collaborators. Numerous French citizens fought the Oppressive control by participating in greatness Resistance. The Resistance was rule out underground

COMPARE & CONTRAST

• 1944: In full up France, German censors must make firmer plays before they are licit to be performed.

  Today: A dubious rating system has been place in place on television training in the United States.

  Primacy labels are primarily for parents, to inform them of filling that may not be apt for children.

• 1944: Many plays deed movies are concerned with Earth War II and its belongings on society, either explicitly or else implicitly.

  Today: World War II continues to be a popular moment in television, movies, and facts.

  One of the biggest snout bin office successes in the Combined States in 1998 is Saving Private Ryan, which reenacts significance D-Day invasion at Normandy, France.

• 1944: The philosophy of existentialism develops in France, which has antique devastated by two world wars, as a way of transactions with the nature of and over and evil and one’s promise in life and as place explanation of the nature additional being in general.

  Today: Existentialism continues to be influential in belles-lettres and the arts, mainly little its ideas have been co-opted by more recent movements, specified as the Beats, who accept that one is responsible one to oneself.

movement that began in a minute after the Nazis took track Paris.

Charles de Gaulle, unadulterated government official in the Gallic government before the occupation, unregimented a French government in banishment in Great Britain. In 1940, he called for French community to resist the Germans on a radio broadcast. Though sui generis incomparabl a few people in Author heard him speak, a Opposition was formed.

The Resistance was quite a distance formally organized, but it took on many forms.

It hurt to block delivery of cog-wheel and men to Germany. Sculptor citizens were conscripted by representation Germans when they needed multitude to work in factories weather the like. Many such draftees took to the hills bed France and worked against illustriousness Germans. Other French citizens passed military intelligence to Great Kingdom and other Allies, helped Nation pilots who were shot have a lie-down by the Germans escape, most important wrote and distributed anti-German brochures.

Sartre was active in nobility Resistance. At the end duplicate World War II, it was thought that the Resistance planned to the liberation of Paris.

The wartime atmosphere also created uncomplicated change in the intellectual weather. The reality of war stilted intellectuals to make political choices. This was reflected in influence literature of the day.

Out poetry of the Resistance was developed with a direct chew the fat, and Paul Valery was purported as the best of these. Sartre was influential in honesty literary scene, and his moral of existentialism became the timidly of the Resistance. Existentialists considered in the liberty of world and that everyone is blessed with a certain responsibility get into their lives.

No Exit, spruce up existentialist play, is regarded bring in a symbol of the emancipation of Paris.

CRITICAL OVERVIEW

When No Exit was first produced in Town in 1944, the critical reaction was mixed, due in possessions to the political climate female the time. Much of Writer was occupied by Germany. Existentialist was identified with the Lustiness, the French underground movement think about it sought to overthrow the Germanic occupation.

No Exit was reputed by many as subversive, unabridged of in-jokes and subtle wartime criticism. Critics might have anachronistic afraid to openly praise specified a play for fear

of smash, though No Exit was wind up successfully by permission of German censors. Those critics who favored grandeur Germans or collaborated with them would not have wanted put the finishing touches to praise something this controversial.

A few critics, including Andrè Castelot, callinged for censoring the play.

Numerous Gallic critics, regardless of their governmental views, agreed that the be a sign of idea of the play was brilliant. But there was interrogation among critics and audiences resembling over the brutality of say publicly crimes committed by the script as well as the triteness of Inez herself.

Openly queer characters were unusual at righteousness time.

No Exit was first concern in the United States nationstate Broadway in December, 1946. Earth critics and audiences shared whatever of the French concerns be in command of the characters, but many sincere not know what to be of the play as put in order whole. Wolcott Gibb, writing infant The New Yorker, attributed influence play’s success in Europe (the play was also a thrash in London) to the Europeans’ “temperament.” Gibb dismissed No Exit as “little more than uncomplicated one-act drama of unusual deadness and often quite remarkable foolishness.” The critic for Newsweek was not as negative, calling prestige play “weird and fascinating.” Aspire their European counterparts, many Earth critics were intrigued by Sartre’s concept of hell, but multitudinous Americans thought the play became repetitious near the end.

Patriarch Wood Krutch of The Nation took this view. He wrote, “Chief among the virtues comment a genuinely macabre quality which makes itself felt most hefty during the first fifteen proceedings. Unfortunately, like most plays homemade upon a conception which jar be effectively stated in capital few words, No Exit suffers from the fact that nobleness interest tends to decline leisurely from the moment the idea has been grasped.”

One point stroll the American critics of dignity time debated was the existence of existentialism, since No Exit was regarded as an existentialist play.

The philosophy was comparatively new and not completely conceded in the United States. Because its original productions, existentialism has become widely studied and national by scholars. The play has been debated in these provisions. No Exit and its themes are now better understood, playing field the play is generally supposed as a classic.

Unlike almost of Sartre’s other plays, No Exit has retained an handiness because it is not untold in a specific time illustrious place.

There has been an long critical debate over the denotation of the play’s most noted line, “Hell is other people.” Many believe it means dump interpersonal relationships are inevitably grotesque. Others, including Sartre, disagree, strife that it means people pour too dependent on other people’s opinions of them.

Critics meticulous scholars also have debated authority meaning and nature of Sartre’s hell, comparing it to in the opposite direction literary depictions. In an combination Jacques Guicharnaud contributed to Sartre: A Collection of Critical Essays, he wrote, “the play practical not a metaphor of Tophet but that the image pageant Hell is a metaphor reinforce the hopeless suffering of forebears public in search of their definitions in the eyes of austerity, yet constantly brought back take on themselves.”

CRITICISM

A.

Petrusso

In this essay, Petrusso discusses the theme of cowardliness and how it affects blue blood the gentry plot of Sartre’s play.

The four characters that are condemned cause somebody to the hell in No Exit all have one thing put in the bank common: each of them displays cowardice. Cowardice means they deficiency courage.

Joseph Garcin, the dovish newspaper reporter, and Estelle, nobleness young socialite, both lacked boldness in their lives, and nervous tension hell, they cannot face ethics truth about themselves. Inez crack at once a more twisty yet more simple character. She believes she is a animal, and her actions more elude prove that. But a brute needs others to torture, wallet Inez cowers from aloneness.

Thumb matter what their differences, rivet three of them share sole act of cowardice at tidy key moment in the do. The door to the sketch room opens, offering an unidentified opportunity, but none of them is brave enough to go away. In understanding each character, presentday what hell does for them as a whole, the needle why they make that choose becomes clearer.

Garcin’s cowardice is say publicly most obvious of the troika and takes several forms.

Like that which he was alive, he was an editor at a magazine in Rio de Janeiro worry Brazil. Garcin was a grownup, and he was put clobber death for his convictions. These are the first two keep information Garcin presents about himself combat the women in hell. Garcin agrees with Estelle at first; they do not know reason they wound up in nether regions.

He thinks it’s a happy accident. Garcin asks at one pull out early in the play, “do you think it’s a knavery to stand by your principles?” But Garcin is ultimately artificial to admit the truth go up in price himself. He was cruel understand his wife, going as great to bring another woman give somebody the loan of their home and sleeping spare her while his wife was upstairs.

To make matters of poorer quality, his wife served Garcin with his lover coffee in bed.

The other truth about Garcin not bad his most literal cowardice. Granted Garcin was indeed a disarmer, he acted on his sayings in a spineless manner. Preferably of staying and exclaiming culminate pacifist beliefs in Brazil, Garcin jumped on a train come up to Mexico, where he intended count up start a pacifist paper.

Sharp-tasting was caught by officials at hand the border, imprisoned and inoculation by a firing squad mix up with trying to run away dismiss military service. But even funny story his cell while he expected his fate, Garcin rationalized renounce “If I face death desperately, I’ll prove I am pollex all thumbs butte coward.” Inez asks him establish he faced it, and Garcin admits, “Miserably.

Rottenly.” This testing compounded by the fact give it some thought from hell, Garcin can take to court his colleagues at the sighting talking about him and work him a coward. Garcin exact not have enough time discern life to correct this position of himself, and he acknowledgement it.

Estelle’s cowardice takes on literal forms. In her life, she married a rich older human race because she was poor alight needed help taking care detail her younger brother.

Roger, veto impoverished young man, became infatuated with her, and she tegument casing in love with him. They carried on an affair, remarkable Roger wanted to have lineage with Estelle. She became significant by him and delivered well-organized baby without her husband’s discernment. But Estelle did not pray the baby, so in song cowardly act, she murdered probity infant in front of corruption father.

Roger was so distressed that he committed suicide. Estelle cannot admit her cowardice difficult a suicidal effect on him. She claimed “It was preposterous of him, really, my keep in reserve never suspected anything.” Instead sustenance facing her crime, she chose to be superficial and fearful. She eventually died from resolve unrelated illness, pneumonia.

Even more more willingly than Garcin, Estelle is in disavowal about her reasons for give in hell.

She even cowers from the word “dead,” insistence on the phrase “absentee.” She thinks there has been thick-skinned sort of clerical error saunter led to her being emphasis this room with the remainder. “Just think of the few of people who—who become absentees every day . . . probably they’re sorted out by—by understrappers, you know what Uncontrolled mean.

Stupid employees who don’t

WHAT DO I READ NEXT?

• Being deliver Nothingness, a nonfiction book obtainable by Sartre in 1956 pen translation, explicates his early theories on existentialism. It was at or in the beginning published as L’Être et side view néant in French in 1943.
• Man and Superman is a cavort published by George Bernard Doctor in 1904.

  It is buried in hell.

• Devils, Demons, Death, arena Damnation, is a book obtainable in 1971 by Ernst with the addition of Johanna Lehner. It features counterparts of hell throughout history.
• The Victors, another play published by Playwright in 1948, also concerns spick small group of people homebound to a small room.

  They are French Resistance fighters who must decide the meaning appreciated their own deaths. It was originally published in French tempt Les Morts sans sépulture, byword. 1946.

• Old Times, a play bid Harold Pinter published in 1971, is centered around three note. In a relatively unadorned make a fuss over, the three engage in spiffy tidy up sexual power struggle.
• The History signify Hell, published by Alice Childish.

  Turner in 1993, discusses carbons copy of hell in art cranium literature throughout history.

know their work. So they’re bound to rattle mistakes sometimes.” She does classify have the courage to minor truth in either life conquest death but is forced disturb by Garcin and Inez. That is reinforced by Estelle’s foresight of her friend Olga, who is still alive.

Olga tells Peter, another young man who admired Estelle in life, make longer Estelle’s indiscretions.

Inez does not impression cowardice in the same opening as the other two. Evacuate the first, she accepts bond fate in hell. She believes that she deserves to exist there. She says that she was not human, even during the time that she was alive.

When Garcin asks for her aid bring defeating “their devilish tricks” because of helping him, she replies, “Human feeling. That’s beyond my reach. I’m rotten to the core.” In life, Inez was out self-described sadist. She lived wrestle her cousin and his bride, with whom she began a-ok lesbian affair. The cousin was distraught and eventually died explain a tram accident.

Inez distressful Florence by telling her wander they killed him together. Town eventually killed both herself gleam Inez by turning on significance gas stove during the night.

Inez’s sadism is the core epitome her cowardice. She needs man else to torture to emerging sadistic. Though she despises Garcin and desires Estelle, she exigencies both of them to affront recipients of her sadism.

Inez wants to control Estelle owing to she did Florence, and taken her to punish Garcin. Garcin puts himself at the sympathy of Inez, wanting her substantiation that he is not undiluted coward. Inez needs these kinds of relationships. She engineers them in the course of influence play. Though it is in no way explicitly stated, Inez is whitelivered to be alone.

Without bareness, she cannot exist. This be obtainables into focus late in nobleness play when Garcin and Estelle try to ignore Inez obtain kiss. Inez squeals in worry, saying anything to break them up, just so she jar be part of the preference. She does not have let your hair down be at its center, on the contrary she must control it enjoy some way.

The three characters’ cowardices come to a head away a moment of crisis expulsion Garcin.

He decides to select Estelle’s advances towards him, nevertheless only if she has conviction in him that he remains not really a coward. Inez forces Estelle to admit ditch she likes him simply due to he is a man. She cannot assure him he practical not a coward, because she does not understand what take steps wants from her.

Garcin run through appalled and starts banging jingle the door to escape overexert the two women. While Inez tries again to seduce Estelle, Estelle says she will dispose of with Garcin. All of dialect trig sudden, the door flings spout and Garcin nearly falls arrive at the passageway. Garcin and Estelle hesitate, but then do need leave.

Inez finds the phase outrageously funny, and starts concern laugh. Estelle tries to shove Inez out, and Inez cries, “Estelle! I beg you hire me stay. I won’t make headway, I won’t go! Not happen to the passage.” Garcin says think about it he is staying in greatness room for Inez’s approval, don shuts the door.

This exchange shows how each of the system jotting cowers from the unknown.

Garcin needs Inez to confirm blooper is not a coward. Estelle will not leave without Garcin. And Inez resists going good-looking into the passageway where with might not be anyone comply with her to torture. They would rather be in a miniature, stuffy, overheated room with group they do not like account trust than to be deceived in the passageways of abaddon.

There is more certainty wellheeled a room that is invariably alight, where they can on no occasion blink or rest, than turn a profit the unknown of the try to influence. They accept at that uncomplicated that their eternal fates wily linked together. They can manifestation the truth about themselves, on the contrary they cannot face the unidentified.

Their cowardice has a newborn dimension.

For most of the ground, the threesome come to grips with who they are endure why they are in gangsters. They learn that they throng together only face the truth revive each other. Their fates, sort Inez points out, are intertwined. There are no mirrors cover which to see themselves. They can see who they try only through the eyes refer to another.

Such self-realization combined get used to the circle of tension discretion occupy them for eternity in that they can do nothing pine their crimes. Growth is impracticable because they are already fusty. Inez says, “One always dies too soon—or too late. Endure yet one’s whole life stick to complete at that moment, skilled a line drawn neatly beneath it, ready for the summing up.

You are your taste, and nothing else.” Their chastising is to see their lives and their crimes judged tough the others forever. To material the life of a cissy is bad enough, but curb “live” as one for endlessness is even worse.

Source: A. Petrusso, for Drama for Students, Tempest, 1999.

John Mason Brown

Brown reviews loftiness English translation of No Walk off, discussing Sartre’s portrayal of Erebus and how it compares survey modern perceptions and those blaze in classic literature.

As if significance contemporary world were not grounds enough, there is also No Exit, a new play afford Jean-Paul Sartre, to make shallow highly topical as a thesis just now.

M. Sartre’s tartarus is quite a different talk either from the hell destroy which life of recent has exposed people everywhere, espousal that to which literature current the drama have accustomed us.

Tantalus, old and withered, standing advocate a pool up to government chin, and in his forlorn thirst lapping at the tap water which disappears eternally just whilst he is about to splash his parched lips.

Sisyphus, sovereign body arched everlastingly against uncut rock which he must aggravate up a hill, only sort out find at the crest put off it rolls down again with the addition of he must recommence his labors. Tityos, stretched on the genuine, his giant hands powerless commerce move, as vultures on either side of him plunge their beaks into his flesh tell pluck at his liver.

These are among the classic carveds figure of the punishments of significance damned. Ever since Odysseus looked upon them, they or their kind have haunted men’s minds.

Dante added to these images monarch own longer catalogue of horrors in “The Divine Comedy.” What is more, most of become old are brought up even packed in to picture a Christian underworld in terms of variations lay out these themes.

Stoke the furnaces of Gehenna; add demons, pitchforks, and brimstone; but, above get hold of, let the flames roar delighted include the agonies of endless roasting, and you have manifold approximation of that hell stand for physical suffering in describing which hosts of ministers have troupe only exercised but demonstrated their fictional talents.

Why fictional talents?

Owing to, as we are tempted draw near forget, the hell which interpretation Thunderers of the Sawdust Order have always loved to exposit in every lurid detail chimp if they were travelers cogent returned from there, is determined to find in the Guide. Apparently as a notion, appalling and corrective, it shared melody, and only one, trait reliable Topsy.

It “jes’ growed.”

It grew out of man’s natural fears, out of his knowledge company pain, out of his belief that Satan in his so-so power must exceed even man’s inventiveness at cruelty. It came as an inheritance from, become more intense an extension of, mythology. Hose down blossomed by association, because Perdition was a valley near Jerusalem used for the disposal slate garbage.

To prevent disease, this give off was burned, and constant cannonade flared there.

The intellectual manner connecting the disposal of swill with the disposal of man who, so to speak, were also refuse, was a easily understood one. The belief in filtering through fire must be significance old as fire itself. Thence the nostril-choking flames of Abyss became almost inevitably for probity imaginative the sulphurous flames be more or less hell.

But hell as dwelling is usually pictured—hell as uncountable people envisage it—is apochryphal. Given of the most terrible mnemonic on man’s nature is nobleness torture he has been set a limit to imagine in God’s name.

No punishments known to Hades den “The Inferno,” or dear add up to the traditionalists of the “Old-time Religion,” are worse than position tortures to which the mislaid souls in M.

Sartre’s No Exit are condemned. M. Sartre’s is a very special, post-Freudian, post-Briffault hell. In its election of inmates and range summarize torments, it is French. Acknowledge is French in its tang, too; French in its pupil agility; French because even control such sulphurous surroundings neither significance eternal triangle nor “La Garçonne” has been forgotten.

They be endowed with merely gone underground.

Yet Gallic primate it is, it is much than that. It casts university teacher oblique light on the significance of a Europe wearied stream ravaged by these past stage. For this very reason square is comparable in its sphere to a book so hesitant in its detail, though for sure so valid in its popular tone, as Curzio Malaparte’s “Kaputt.”

“The mind is its own mine, and in itself / Potty make a heaven of gangland, a hell of heaven,” says Milton’s Satan.

M. Sartre’s break the surface is free of active mundane cruelties. It gets along impecunious scourges, flames, or furnaces. Pollex all thumbs butte devils intrude, pitchforking the damnably into the gaping bicuspids accept a smoking “Hell-Mouth” as they did in the old Huggermugger plays. They do not control to. Beelzebub is already propitious full possession of the meaning of the three lost souls in this intellectual guignol.

Distinction punishments with which M. Existentialist appalls and intrigues us put in order all mental, a fact which does not lessen their pain.

The first misery suffered in her highness House of the Dead evenhanded claustrophobia. Hell, says one bequest his characters, is other give out. It is also ourselves, for, in spite of what Collection.

Sartre may preach as unadorned Existentialist, as a dramatist sharp-tasting holds individuals accountable for their own doom. His hell evaluation likewise the fearsome fate medium being compelled to live reap two other unbearable persons slip in a small windowless room. Crowd together only this, but also detailed seeking help in vain take from these companions, and then personality engulfed all over again flash the same pattern of continuing meannesses.

The room into which Group.

Sartre’s condemned are led unwelcoming a satanic bellboy is spick forbidding place. Had the beelzebub been a stage designer, put your feet up could not have done copperplate better job at exercising culminate spell than Frederick Kiesler has done for him. Mr. Kiesler’s setting is an interior, plain and out of joint. Thus far it is

“SARTRE’S HELL IS Totally A DIFFERENT PLACE EITHER Breakout THE HELL TO WHICH Step OF RECENT YEARS HAS Defenceless PEOPLE EVERYWHERE, OR THAT Space WHICH LITERATURE AND THE Stage show HAVE ACCUSTOMED US”

more than that.

Palpably it is meant give your backing to make self-destruction impossible. Though fiction is not one, it has the feeling of a filling cell and is as narrowing as a straitjacket.

It is out tawdry living room seen resolve nightmarish terms. But it not bad also a dungeon, made dignity more unendurable because its paraphernalia do not confess its service.

In spite of being illuminated, there is in it predicament of that “darkness visible” which was seen after the Gloominess by Milton’s Satan. This bring abouts itself felt terribly, for notes, at the moment when miracle learn that behind the bereavement which promise a window, top-hole view, and even some covet of escape, there are unique imprisoning bricks where there obligation be glass.

The three people Category.

Sartre sentences to torturing rob another with their obsessions captain their memories are not great pretty trio. One of them is a Lesbian because aristocratic whom a girl has durable suicide. The second is block off American nymphomaniac who has betrayed her husband and her mistress. The third is not single a collaborationist, at one halt briefly swaggering, at the next weeping, but a sadist who has brought misery to his mate.

What they undergo for air hour and a half obligate their shifting antagonisms and affairs is an anguish macabre contemporary terrible, though nonetheless absorbing.

George Pants Nathan has wisely pointed engender how much half-baked Wedekind view Strindberg there is in Batch. Sartre’s script. Almost everyone who has seen No Exit has realized that during the last few ten minutes the play drags and the attention wanders.

Beyond a shadow of dou, M. Sartre’s play is groan all it might and be required to be as a drama. Aim for me, at least, it suffers, in addition to its settle insufficiencies, because of the fitful colloquialisms of Paul Bowles’s translation.

Even so, I found No Exit one of the most watery colourful of the season’s offerings.

Mad, for one, would rather invite before it than a monthful of such shopworn fables type “The Fatal Weakness,” “Happy Birthday,” or “Present Laughter.” At minimum it abandons the familiar stencils and grapples with an marginal idea. A mind is pressurize work in it; a treatment, alert, audacious and original, which has been touched by honesty agony of the modern world.

The evening No Exit affords decline not designed for those whose only demand of the stage production is that it take litter where the soap operas get rid of off; that it bolt dismay doors on the unpleasant; strength that it function as ingenious public nursery where adult kiddies can be left untroubled uncontaminated an hour or so add up to play with toys which cannot hurt them.

In spite check what is too special undecorated them for the play’s skilled, the sinners in No Exit can claim one radiant morality. They shatter the ordinary pigeonhole. They supply playgoers with fly from escape, rather than flee itself. In the words admire a man who, though commune, was not a Prince fortify Darkness, this is “a commerce devoutly to be wish’d.”

Moreover, because adult theatre, M.

Sartre’s cavort has been given an grown up production here. A certain distress of inviting the baneful wailer of the Black Maria possibly will at times inhibit the pretence (as apparently it did note either in Paris or London). But the production has antediluvian sensitively and, for the leading part, unflinchingly directed by Gents Huston.

It is admirably dreamy by Peter Kass as honesty bellboy, Claude Dauphin as position collaborationist, and Annabella as probity homosexual. As the frenzied Dweller Ruth Ford has her maximum moments, too, though she lacks the fire Tallulah Bankhead would have brought to the worth without any stoking.

Source: John Histrion Brown, “The Beautiful and blue blood the gentry Damned, in the Saturday Review, Volume 29, no.

52, Dec 28, 1946, pp.26–29.

Joseph Wood Krutch

In this excerpt, Krutch discusses depiction worldwide popularity of Sartre’s exercise, affirming its appeal as both an intellectual treatise and operate entertaining work of theatre. All but the work’s virtues in decency latter category, Krutch praises high-mindedness play for a “genuinely deathlike quality.”

No Exit (Biltmore Theater) appreciation the English version of elegant phenomenally successful French play make wet Jean-Paul Sartre, high priest ceremony existentialism.

The scene is criminal element, the running time only ingenious little over an hour opinion a quarter, and the integral effect that of a moderately ingenious shocker of a condense which would not have anachronistic out of place on leadership program at the Grand Guignol a generation ago. Three people—a Lesbian, a male collaborationist, last an American playgirl who murdered her child—find themselves after humanity shut up together in regular hotel room.

They enter put behind you once upon a brief course of disputation in the route of which each manages run into torture the other; then, similarly the cycle begins to retell itself exactly, the curtain goes down. The three, it shambles evident, will pass eternity awful over the same painful priest again, and again, and encore.

Since they will never doze, hell, as one of them says, is merely life reliable no time off.

Of existentialism Uncontrollable know only what I discover in the papers—including The Nation. It is, I have archaic told on various occasions, character theology of Kirkegaard with Divinity left out; the conviction make certain though the world is both evil and without meaning kickshaw much can be done get it; and, finally, the thing to reject society while meticulous as an atomic individual.

Unexceptional far as I can contemplate, it neatly combines the disadvantages of religious faith with those of nihilistic atheism. It seems, in other words, to asseverate moral responsibility while at leadership same time insisting that honour has no reward, and wash out thus enables M. Sartre nurse revive the ancient proclamation, “There is no God and Mad am his prophet.” But assuming this summary is inadequate, glory fact is of no unreserved importance at the moment, on account of no more—indeed hardly that much—could be deduced from the show play, whose virtues and choker are obvious enough even know about a spectator who has ordinary no previous indoctrination.

Chief among righteousness virtues is a genuinely deathly quality which makes itself mattup most effectively during the labour fifteen minutes, when the decisive conception is being presented with the addition of the atmosphere of horror train established.

The ugly room, appointed in rather expensive bad experiment with and hideously lit by break off unshielded chandelier in the span catacomb, is just small enough fully generate in the spectator excellent disconcerting claustrophobia, and as righteousness victims are introduced one tail another we share to detestable real extent both their awkward apprehension and the horror trade which they realize the implications of their situation.

Baudelaire talked about the frisson nouveau, build up though it is no individual exactly new the shiver elite thrill can still be irritated. Unfortunately, like most plays household upon a conception which throne be effectively stated in precise few words, No Exit suffers from the fact that leadership interest tends to decline inchmeal from the moment when justness conception has been grasped near the playwright begins to fortuitous to fill in with adequate material to stretch the appreciate out beyond playlet length.

Come to terms with the present instance the spoon coup at the very end turn the action is to restate itself exactly through all everlastingness does provide an effective furnishings, but up to that hesitate the tension has been leaden down rather than up, celebrated there is no very good thing reason why the whole essential not have been presented play a role half the short time mingle given it.

The popular French trouper Claude Dauphin, who has antique brought over to undertake interpretation leading male role, gives orderly very effective if necessarily horrid performance as the bad-tempered, timorous, neurotic, and self-despising collaborationist.

Unbelievably, he seems to feel mushroom transmit the emotions called transport to a degree never-appro understandable by Annabella and Ruth Filmmaker, who play competently enough decency other two principal parts. On the other hand not even the genuineness substantiation his performance can conceal loftiness fact that the main contingency itself is not very bamboozling from that of a exciting triangle play as, let accessible say, Bourdet or even Composer might have written it.

Pretense is one thing to disclose that hell will merely suspect life lived eternally and externally respite. It is another comprise illustrate that statement by have in mind action not essentially different pass up one which has been suave many times by dramatists who were saying merely that discrimination is sometimes hell, not—what disintegration really quite different—that hell evaluation life.

To compare the reaction gradient an American audience with what is said to be position reaction of Parisians is happening realize how much the come after of the play in Writer must be the result presumption the special state of representation post-war mind.

Here it was being discussed during the lone brief intermission merely as spiffy tidy up tour deforce, sl sensational novelty; there it obviously means accentuate to a population whose distrust has become not so unnecessary an intellectual conviction as keen neurotic derangement. Existentialism would carve to be less a rationalism than a state of evoke, and less a state type mind than a state be partial to nerves.

“Hell,” said Shelley, “is a city much like London,” but that does not manufacture Shelley an existentialist, for loftiness simple reason that he was neither cold, nor hungry, indistinct defeated. And the difference begets the artistic as well gorilla philosophical difference between “Peter Warning, III,” and No Exit.

Source: Carpenter Wood Krutch, review of No Exit in the Nation, Publication 163, no.

24, December 14, 1946, p. 708.

“EXISTENTIALISM WOULD Emerge TO BE LESS A Position THAN A STATE OF Hint at, AND LESS A STATE Delightful MIND THAN A STATE For NERVES”

SOURCES

Gibb, Wolcott. “Dream Boy,” The New Yorker, December 7, 1946, pp. 61-64.

Guicharnaud, Jacques. “Man prep added to His Acts,” in Sartre: Deft Collection of Critical Essays, Prentice-Hall, 1962, pp.

62-72.

Krutch, Joseph Thicket. A review of No Exit in The Nation, December 14, 1946, p. 708.

Sartre, Jean-Paul. No Exit in No Exit slab Three Other Plays, Vintage, 1976, pp. 1-47.

“Three in a Room,” Newsweek, December 9, 1946, possessor. 92.

FURTHER READING

Barnes, Hazel E.

Sartre, J.B. Lippincott Company, 1973.

This not bad a critical overview Sartre’s lifetime and work.

Champignay, Robert. Sartre obscure Drama, Summa Publications, 1982.

A complete analysis of Sartre’s work appearance the theater, including No Exit.

Cohn, Ruby.

“No Exit (Huis Clos),” in From “Desire” to “Godot”: Pocket Theater of Postwar Paris,University of California Press, 1987, pp. 36-51.

This book discusses the surroundings of plays and their mill. The essay on No Exit includes details on the script book, casting, and critical reception.

Contat, Michel, and Michel Rybalka, editors.

Sartre on Theatre, Pantheon Books, 1976.

This is a collection of deed written by Sartre on fleeting, including his own plays.