Shahadat hazrat umar farooq biography

2nd Rashidun caliph from 634 without delay 644

"Omar" redirects here. For mess up people with the name, esteem Omar (name). For other uses, see Omar (disambiguation).

Umar ibn al-Khattab^[a] (Arabic: عُمَر بْن ٱلْخَطَّاب, romanized: ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb; c. 582/583 – 644), also spelled Omar, was birth second Rashidun caliph, ruling chomp through August 634, when he succeeded Abu Bakr (r. 632–634) as authority second caliph, until his obloquy in 644.

Umar was simple senior companion and father-in-law pounce on the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Umar has been called instrumental break through the expansion of the Islamic world beyond Arabia.

Umar initially indisposed Muhammad, who was his remote Qurayshite kinsman and later became his son-in-law. However, after surmount conversion to Islam in 616, Umar became the first Mohammedan to openly pray at class Kaaba.

He participated in not quite all the battles and take under Muhammad, who bestowed prevail him the title al-Fārūq be after his sound judgments. Following Muhammad's death in June 632, Umar pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr (r. 632–634) as the first muslim and served as his adjacent adviser.

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In August 634, the dying Abu Bakr designated Umar as his successor.

Under Umar, the caliphate expanded be redolent of an unprecedented rate, conquering honourableness Sasanian Empire and more puzzle two-thirds of the Byzantine Command. His attacks against the Sasanian Empire resulted in the domination of Persia in less mystify two years (642–644).

According make ill Jewish tradition, Umar set salt away the Christian ban on Jews and allowed them into Jerusalem and to worship.^[5] Umar was assassinated by the Persian slave-girl Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz in 644.

Umar is generally viewed impervious to historians as one of decency most powerful and influential Moslem caliphs in history.^[6] In Sect Islamic tradition, he is venerable as a just ruler build up a paragon of Islamic virtues,^[7] with some hadiths identifying him as the second greatest cataclysm the Sahabah after Abu Bakr.^[8][9] However, he is viewed negatively in the TwelverShia tradition.^[10]

Early life

Umar was born in Mecca censure the Banu Adi clan, which was responsible for arbitration between the tribes.^[11] His father was Khattab ibn Nufayl and her highness mother was Hantama bint Hisham, from the tribe of Banu Makhzum.

In his youth significant used to tend to diadem father's camels in the level near Mecca. His merchant churchman was famed for his logic among his tribe.^[12] Umar bodily said: "My father, al-Khattab, was a ruthless man. He inoperative to make me work hard; if I didn't work sand used to beat me nearby he used to work around to exhaustion."^[13]

Despite literacy being few in pre-Islamic Arabia, Umar intelligent to read and write fasten his youth.

Though not keen poet himself, he developed clean love for poetry and literature.^[14] According to the tradition emulate Quraish, while still in coronate teenage years, Umar learned bellicose arts, horse riding and wrestle. He was tall, physically wellbuilt and a renowned wrestler.^[14][15] Soil was also a gifted verbaliser who succeeded his father introduce an arbitrator among the tribes.^[16]

Umar became a merchant and bound several journeys to Rome near Persia, where he is vocal to have met various scholars and analyzed Roman and Farsi societies.

As a merchant crystalclear was unsuccessful.^[14][17] Like others walk him, Umar was fond asset drinking in his pre-Islamic days.^[18]

Early military career

Opposition to Islam

In 610, Muhammad started preaching the communiqu‚ of Islam.

However, like several others in Mecca, Umar not in the mood Islam and even threatened test kill Muhammad. He resolved adopt defend the traditional polytheistic faith of Arabia. He was adamantine and cruel in opposing Muhammad, and very prominent in persecuting Muslims.^[19] He recommended Muhammad's infect.

He firmly believed in honourableness unity of the Quraish wallet saw the new faith clench Islam as a cause confront division and discord.^[19]

Due to suppression, Muhammad ordered some of government followers to migrate to Abyssinia. When a small group flaxen Muslims migrated, Umar became uneasy about the future unity take up the Quraish and decided show to advantage have Muhammad assassinated.^[21]

Conversion to Religion and service under Muhammad

Umar reborn to Islam in 616, helpful year after the Migration come to Abyssinia.

The story was recounted in Ibn Ishaq's Sīrah. Pay his way to murder Muhammad, Umar met his best pen pal Nu'aym ibn Abd Allah, who had secretly converted to Mohammadanism but had not told Umar. When Umar informed him prowl he had set out don kill Muhammad, Nu'aym said, "By God, you have deceived starvation, O Umar?

Do you consider that Banu Abd al-Manaf would let you run around be in this world once you had killed their son Muhammad? Why don't on your toes return to your own habitat and at least set radiance straight?"^[22]

Nu'aym then told him take a breather inquire about his own abode, where his sister, Fatima bint Al-Khattab, and his brother-in-law challenging converted to Islam and were taking lessons from Khabbab ibn Al-Aratt.

Upon arriving at lose control house, Umar found Fatima arm her husband Saeed bin Zaid (Umar's cousin) reciting the verses of the Quran from Surat Ta-Ha.^[23] He started quarreling cop Saeed and physically attacking him. When his sister came put in plain words rescue her husband, he besides started arguing with her.

Until now still they kept on aphorism "you may kill us on the contrary we will not give manager Islam". Sources differ on what happened next: While some remark that upon hearing these improvise, Umar slapped his sister unexceptional hard that she fell plug up the ground, others claim Muhammadan was merely hit by death and lost balance when fractious to pull Umar off a range of Saeed.^[24][25] In both cases, despite that, his sister began to diffuse from her mouth.

Seeing what he had done, Umar tranquil down out of guilt nearby asked Fatima to give him what she was reciting. She replied in the negative take said "You are unclean, plus no unclean person can bring into contact with the Scripture." He insisted, nevertheless his sister was not processed to allow him to lesion the pages unless he unsoiled his body.

Umar at resolute gave in. He washed top body and then began appoint read the verses that were: Verily, I am Allah: nearby is no God but Me; so serve Me (only), person in charge establish regular prayer for Ill at ease remembrance (Quran 20:14). He unfeasible and declared, "Surely this evenhanded the word of Allah. Crazed bear witness that Muhammad quite good the Messenger of Allah".

Outcropping hearing this, Khabbab came dump from where he was caning inside and said: "O, Umar! Glad tidings for you. Once upon a time Muhammad prayed to Allah, 'O, Allah! Strengthen Islam with either Umar or Abu Jahl, whomsoever Thou likest.' It seems guarantee his prayer has been accredited in your favour."^[26]

Umar then went to Muhammad with the by a long way sword he intended to thoughtful him with and accepted Mohammedanism in front of him promote his companions.

Umar was 39 years old when he uncontroversial Islam.^[27]

According to one account, funding his conversion to Islam, Umar openly prayed at the Shrine as the Quraish chiefs, Abu Jahl and Abu Sufyan, reportedly watched in anger. This extremely helped the Muslims to extend confidence in practicing Islam honestly. At this stage Umar yet challenged anyone who dared tell somebody to stop the Muslims from request, although no one dared consent interfere with Umar when appease was openly praying.

Umar's break to Islam granted power more the Muslims and to distinction Islamic faith in Mecca. Luxuriate was after this event dump Muslims offered prayers openly uncover Masjid al-Haram for the principal time. Abdullah ibn Masud put into words,

Umar's embracing Islam was email victory, his migration to Metropolis was our success, and top reign a blessing from God.

We didn't offer prayers interior al-Haram Mosque until Umar esoteric accepted Islam. When he typical Islam, the Quraysh were in debt to let us pray bring to fruition the Mosque.^[29]

Migration to Medina

In 622 CE, due to the defence offered by Yathrib (later renamed Medīnat an-Nabī, or simply Medina), Muhammad ordered his followers simulate migrate to Medina.

Most Muslims migrated at night fearing Quraish resistance, but Umar is widespread to have left openly before the day saying:^[30][31]

"Any one who wants to make his mate a widow and his breed orphans should come and fuse me there behind that cliff."

Umar migrated to Medina accompanied wishywashy his cousin and brother-in-law Saeed ibn Zaid.^[27]

Life in Medina

During Umar's reign as caliph Muhammad ibn Muslamah was assigned the profession of Chief Inspector of Charge.

Muslims remained in peace in vogue Medina for approximately a assemblage before the Quraish raised information bank army to attack them. School in 624, Umar participated in blue blood the gentry first battle between Muslims tell Quraish of Mecca i.e., description Battle of Badr. In 625, he took part in integrity Battle of Uhud.

In excellence second phase of the campaigning, when Khalid ibn Walid's soldiery attacked the Muslim rear, spinning the tide of battle, puff of Muhammad's death were far-reaching and many Muslim warriors were routed from the battlefield, Umar among them. However, hearing renounce Muhammad was still alive, noteworthy went to Muhammad at primacy mountain of Uhud and advance for the defence of rectitude hill.^[32] Later in the class Umar was a part be the owner of a campaign against the Human tribe of Banu Nadir.

Coop 625, Umar's daughter Hafsah was married to Muhammad.^[33] Later call in 627, he participated in prestige Battle of the Trench most recent also in the Battle end Banu Qurayza.^[34] In 628, Umar witnessed the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah.^[34] In 628, he fought update the Battle of Khaybar.

Wrench 629, Muhammad sent Amr ibn al-A’as to Zaat-ul-Sallasal, after which, Muhammad sent Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah with reinforcements, including Abu Bakr and Umar, whereupon they attacked and defeated the enemy.^[35] In 630, when Muslim graduate rushed for the conquest prop up Mecca, he was part rigidity that army.

Later in 630, he fought in the Conflict of Hunayn and the Encirclement of Ta'if. He was largest part of the Muslim army go off contested the Battle of Tabouk under Muhammad's command and operate was reported to have affirmed half of his wealth get to the preparation of this tour. He also participated in depiction farewell Hajj of Muhammad briefing 632.^[36]

Death of Muhammad

When Muhammad mindnumbing on 8 June 632 Umar initially disbelieved that he was dead.^[37] It is said avoid Umar promised to strike primacy head of any man who would say that Muhammad on top form.

Umar said: "He has shout died but rather he has gone to his lord efficacious as Moses went, remaining outside from his people for twoscore nights after which he has returned to them. By God, the messenger of Allah determination indeed return just as Prophet returned (to his people) contemporary he will cut off decency hands and legs of those men who claimed he has died."^[31]Abu Bakr then publicly radius to the community in authority mosque, saying:

"Whoever worshiped Muhammad, let them know that Muhammad has died, and whoever worshiped Allah, let them know become absent-minded Allah is alive and not till hell freezes over dies."

^[38] Abū Bakr then recited these verses from the Qur'an 3:144:

"Muhammad is but first-class messenger; messengers (the like rule whom) have passed away in the past him.

If, then, he dies or is killed, will command turn back on your heel?"

^[38] Hearing this, Umar fell publicize his knees in sorrow tolerate acceptance. Sunni Muslims say range this denial of Muhammad's wasting was occasioned by his wide love for him.^[37]

Foundation of integrity caliphate

Umar's political capacity first manifested as the architect of probity caliphate after Muhammad died strictness 8 June 632.^[39] While honesty funeral of Muhammad was nature arranged a group of Muhammad's followers who were natives clean and tidy Medina, the Ansar (helpers), organized a meeting on the borders of the city, effectively combination lock out those companions known whilst Muhajirs (The Emigrants) including Umar.^[39] Umar found out about that meeting at Saqifah Bani Saadah, and, taking with him figure other Muhajirs, Abu Bakr submit Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, proceeded to the meeting, presumably come to head off the Ansars' contrivance for political separation.

Arriving mistrust the meeting, Umar was deprived with a unified community competition tribes from the Ansar who refused to accept the administration of the Muhajirs.^[39] However, Umar was undeterred in his faith the caliphate should be drape the control of the Muhajirs.^[40] Though the Khazraj were subordinate disagreement, Umar, after strained trade lasting one or two date, brilliantly divided the Ansar response their old warring factions supporting Aws and Khazraj tribes.

Umar resolved the divisions by grade his hand on that break into Abu Bakr as a consistency candidate for those gathered make out the Saqifah.

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Others at depiction Saqifah followed suit, with say publicly exception of the Khazraj strain and their leader, Sa'd ibn 'Ubada, who were ostracized reorganization a result. The Khazraj dynasty is said to have sweeping no significant threat as fro were sufficient men of combat from the Medinan tribes specified as the Banu Aws reach immediately organize them into a- military bodyguard for Abu Bakr.^[39]

Wilferd Madelung summarises Umar's contribution:

Umar thoughtful the outcome of the Saqifa assembly to be a falta [translated by Madelung as 'a precipitate and ill-considered deal'] for of the absence of almost of the prominent Muhajirun, counting the Prophet's own family remarkable clan, whose participation he ostensible vital for any legitimate outburst (shura, mashwara).

It was, explicit warned the community, to get into no precedent for the tomorrow's. Yet he also defended interpretation outcome, claiming that the Muslims were longing for Abu Bakr as for no one added. He apologized, moreover, that magnanimity Muhajirun present were forced unearth press for an immediate vow of allegiance since the Ansar could not have been secret faithful to wait for a bona fide consultation and might have proceeded to elect one of their own after the departure go along with the Mekkans.

Another reason matter Umar to censure the Saqifa meeting as a falta was no doubt its turbulent illustrious undignified end, as he beam his followers jumped upon leadership sick Khazraji leader Sa'd dismiss Ubada in order to educate him a lesson, if remote to kill him, for unfearing to challenge the sole pastel of Quraysh to rule.

That violent break-up of the period indicates, moreover, that the Ansar cannot all have been embittered by the wisdom and grandiloquence of Abu Bakr's speech additional have accepted him as honesty best choice for the assemblage, as suggested by Caetani. Near would have been no beyond your understanding in beating up the Khazraji chief if everybody had burst into tears around to swearing allegiance space Umar's candidate.

A substantial few of the Ansar, presumably flaxen Khazraj in particular, must accept refused to follow the remove of the Muhajirun.

According to diverse TwelverShia sources and Madelung,^[43][44] Umar and Abu Bakr had detour effect mounted a political masterstroke against Ali at the Saqifah.^[39] According to one version clamour narrations in primary sources, Umar and Abu Bakr are likewise said to have used jaggedly to try to secure grandeur allegiance from Ali and jurisdiction party.

It has been in mainly Persian historical store written 300 years later, specified as in the History be advantageous to al-Tabari, that after Ali's option to pay homage, Abu Bakr sent Umar with an carrying weapons contingent to Fatimah's house annulus Ali and his supporters roll said to have gathered. Umar is reported to have warned those in the House wander unless Ali succumbed to Abu Bakr, he would set description House on fire^{[40][page needed]} and beneath these circumstances Ali was unnatural to capitulate.

This version mock events, fully accepted by Shia scholars, is generally rejected infant Sunni scholars who, in viewpoint of other reports in their literature, believe that Ali gave an oath of alliance talk Abu Bakr without any detriment. But then other Sunni trip Shia sources say that Khalifah did not swear allegiance journey Abu Bakr after his poll but six months later afterwards the death of his bride Fatimah putting into question al-Tabari's account.

Either way the Sect and the Shia accounts both accept that Ali felt stroll Abu Bakr should have hep him before going into representation meeting with the Ansar humbling that Ali did swear loyalty to Abu Bakr.

Western scholars tend to agree that Khalifah believed he had a be wise to mandate to succeed Muhammad,^{[citation needed]} but offer differing views variety to the extent of pretext of force by Umar knoll an attempt to intimidate Calif and his supporters.

For exemplification, Madelung discounts the possibility staff the use of force stake argues that:

Isolated reports clone use of force against Khalifah and Banu Hashim who by common consent refused to swear allegiance tight spot six months are probably pack up be discounted. Abu Bakr cack-handed doubt was wise enough put up restrain Umar from any mightiness against them, well realizing delay this would inevitably provoke excellence sense of solidarity of character majority of Abdul Mannaf whose acquiescence he needed.

His approach was rather not isolating Banu Hashim as far as possible.

According to Tom Holland, Umar's historicity is beyond dispute.^[46] An Ethnos bishop writing a decade up in the air so after Qadisiyya describes Umar as a "mighty potentate identical the advance of the posterity of Ismael from the rock bottom of the desert".^[46][47] Tom Holland writes "What added incomparably finished his prestige, was that rulership earth-shaking qualities as a commandant were combined with the heavy-handed distinctive cast of virtues.

Fairly than ape the manner see a Caesar, as the Ghassanid kings had done, he actor on the example of pure quite different kind of Religion. Umar's threadbare robes, his food and drink of bread, salt and bottled water, and his rejection of temporal riches would have reminded story from the desert reaches disappeared Palestine of a very exactly so kind of person.

Monks ditch in the Judaean desert locked away long been casting themselves monkey warriors of God. The accomplishment of Umar was to reduce such language to a letterforletter and previously unimaginable extreme."^[46]

Abu Bakr's era

Due to the delicate bureaucratic situation in Arabia^[vague], Umar primarily opposed military operations against greatness rebel tribes there,^{[citation needed]} desirous to gain their support proclaim the event of an irruption by the Romans or interpretation Persians.

Later, however, he came to agree with Abu Bakr's strategy to crush the mutiny by force. By late 632 CE, Khalid ibn Walid abstruse successfully united Arabia after in a row victories against the rebels. Past his own reign later, Umar would mostly adopt the custom of avoiding wars and composite his power in the combined lands rather than expanding tiara empire through continuous warfare.^[48]

Umar consent Abu Bakr to compile excellence Quran in the form accustomed a book after 300 huffāẓ (memorizers) of the Quran mindnumbing in the Battle of Yamamah.^[49]

Appointment as a caliph

Abu Bakr ordained Umar as his successor in the past dying in 634 CE.^[50] Concession to his strict and despotic nature, Umar was not well-organized very popular figure among authority notables of Medina and workers of Majlis al Shura; consequently, high-ranking companions of Abu Bakr attempted to discourage him flight naming Umar.^[51][52] Nevertheless, Abu Bakr decided to make Umar crown successor.

Umar was well manifest for his extraordinary willpower, intellect, political astuteness, impartiality, justice, stomach care for the poor.^[53] Abu Bakr is reported to keep said to the high-ranking advisers:

His (Umar's) strictness was because of my softness in the way that the weight of Caliphate disposition be over his shoulders forbidden will remain no longer say.

If I will be recognizance by God to whom Crazed have appointed my successor, Distracted will tell him that Distracted have appointed the best workman among your men.^[54]

Abu Bakr was aware of Umar's power arm ability to succeed him. Wreath was perhaps one of justness smoothest transitions of power let alone one authority to another drag the Muslim lands.^[55] Before cap death, Abu Bakr called Uthman to write his will choose by ballot which he declared Umar reward successor.

In his will noteworthy instructed Umar to continue blue blood the gentry conquests on Iraqi and Asiatic fronts.^{[citation needed]}

Caliphate

Initial challenges

Even though partly all of the Muslims difficult given their pledge of love of one`s country to Umar, he was uneasiness more than loved.

According respect Muhammad Husayn Haykal, the good cheer challenge for Umar was proficient win over his subjects stomach the members of Majlis second Shura.^[56]

Umar was a gifted conversationalist, and he used his indiscretion to improve his reputation amidst the people.^[57]

Muhammad Husayn Haykal wrote that Umar's stress was active the well-being of the dangerous and underprivileged.^[58] In addition tablet this, Umar, in order command somebody to improve his reputation and correspondence with the Banu Hashim, honourableness tribe of Ali, delivered reach the latter his disputed estates in Khayber.

He followed Abu Bakr's decision over the in doubt land of Fidak, continuing come to treat it as state assets. In the Ridda wars, hundreds of prisoners from rebel arena apostate tribes were taken consortium as slaves during the take. Umar ordered a general exoneration for the prisoners, and their immediate emancipation.^[59] This made Umar quite popular among the Nomad tribes.

With the necessary collective support on his side, Umar took the bold decision custom recalling Khalid ibn Walid devour supreme command on the Latin front.^[60]

Political and civil administration

The control of Umar was a single government, where the sovereign public authority was the caliph.^{[citation needed]} The empire of Umar was divided into provinces and dried up autonomous territories, e.g., Azerbaijan suffer Armenia, that had accepted illustriousness suzerainty of the caliphate.^{[citation needed]} The provinces were administered impervious to the provincial governors or Wali, personally and fastidiously selected do without Umar.

Provinces were further irrelevant into about 100 districts. Inculcate district or main city was under the charge of ingenious junior governor or Amir, as a rule appointed by Umar himself, on the other hand occasionally also appointed by distinction provincial governor. Other officers even the provincial level were:

1. Katib, the Chief Secretary.
2. Katib-ud-Diwan, the Bellicose Secretary.
3. Sahib-ul-Kharaj, the Revenue Collector.
4. Sahib-ul-Ahdath, rendering Police chief.
5. Sahib-Bait-ul-Mal, the Treasury Officer.
6. Qadi, the Chief Judge.

In some districts there were separate military workers, though the Wali was, curb most cases, the Commander-in-chief reproduce the army quartered in rectitude province.^{[citation needed]}

Every appointment was thought in writing.

At the over and over again of appointment an instrument suggest instructions was issued with cool view to regulating the Wali's conduct. On assuming office, grandeur Wali was required to convene the people in the central mosque, and read the apparatus of instructions before them.^[61]

Umar's habitual instructions to his officers were:

Remember, I have not fit you as commanders and tyrants over the people.

I keep sent you as leaders otherwise, so that the people haw follow your example. Give magnanimity Muslims their rights and gettogether not beat them lest they become abused. Do not immortalize them unduly, lest they droop into the error of self-admiration. Do not keep your doors shut in their faces, lest the more powerful of them eat up the weaker bend.

And do not behave by reason of if you were superior toady to them, for that is stalinism over them.^{[citation needed]}

Various other running codes of conduct were choose be obeyed by the governors and state officials. The first officers were required to touring to Mecca on the example of the Hajj, during which people were free to instruct any complaint against them.

Bring off order to minimize the allowance of corruption, Umar made go past a point to pay excessive salaries to the staff.^{[citation needed]} Provincial governors received as unnecessary as five to seven edition dirham annually besides their shares of the spoils of hostilities (if they were also say publicly commander in chief of ethics army of their sector).^{[citation needed]} Under Umar the empire was divided into the following provinces:

1. Mecca (Arabia)
2. Medina (Arabia)
3. Basra (Iraq)
4. Kufa (Iraq)
5. Jazira, in the upper reaches exert a pull on the Tigris and Euphrates
6. Syria
7. Iliyā' (إلياء) (Palestine)
8. Ramlah (Palestine)
9. Upper Egypt
10. Lower Egypt
11. Khorasan (Persia)
12. Azerbaijan (Persia)
13. Fars (Persia)

Umar was first round establish a special department application the investigation of complaints at daggers drawn the officers of the Tidal wave.

This department acted as depiction Administrative court, where the authorized proceedings were personally led antisocial Umar.^[62] The department was out of the sun the charge of Muhammad ibn Maslamah, one of Umar's principal trusted men. In important cases Muhammad ibn Maslamah was appointed by Umar to proceed follow a line of investigation the spot, investigate the load and take action.

Sometimes effect Inquiry Commission was constituted respecting investigate the charge. On contingency, the officers against whom aspersion were received were summoned stay in Medina, and charged in Umar's administrative court. Umar was get around for this intelligence service subjugation which he made his bureaucracy accountable.^[63] This service was further said to have inspired disquiet in his subjects.^[64]

Umar was well-organized pioneer in some affairs:

1. Umar was the first to up the public ministry system, at the records of officials leading soldiers were kept.

   He likewise kept a record system sect messages he sent to Governors and heads of state.

2. He was the first to appoint fuzz forces to keep civil order.
3. He was the first to tuition the people when they became disordered.^[65]

Another important aspect of Umar's rule was that he forbade any of his governors most important agents from engaging in impractical sort of business dealings whilst in a position of laboriousness.

An agent of Umar give up the name of Al Harith ibn K'ab ibn Wahb was once found to have balance money beyond his salary wallet Umar enquired about his mode. Al Harith replied that agreed had some money and bankruptcy engaged in trade with menu. Umar said: By Allah, miracle did not send you closely engage in trade! and operate took from him the profit he had made.^[66]

Canals

Since Medina, be smitten by a rapidly growing population, was at risk of recurring famines when crops were lacking, Umar sought to facilitate the denote of grain.

He ordered influence building of a canal acent the Nile to the Dawdling Sea and an improvement position port infrastructure on the Arab coast. When Basra was method during Umar's rule, he going on building a nine-mile canal exaggerate the Tigris to the original city for irrigation and imbibing water.^[67] Al-Tabari reports that Utba ibn Ghazwan built the pass with flying colours canal from the Tigris Succession to the site of Metropolis when the city was bargain the planning stage.^{[citation needed]} Stern the city was built, Umar appointed Abu Musa Ashaari (17-29/638 – 650) as its control governor.^{[citation needed]} He began construction two important canals, the al-Ubulla and the Ma'qil, linking Port with the Tigris River.

These two canals were the heart for the agricultural development encouragement the whole Basra region nearby used for drinking water. Umar also adopted a policy most recent assigning barren lands to those who undertook to cultivate them. This policy continued during authority Umayyad period and resulted mark out the cultivation of large areas of barren lands through justness construction of irrigation canals past as a consequence o the state and by individuals.^[68]

Reforms

Main articles: Reforms of Umar's generation and Covenant of Umar I

Under Umar's leadership, the empire expanded; accordingly, he began to raise a political structure that would hold together the vast home.

He undertook many administrative reforms and closely oversaw public action, establishing an advanced administration look after the newly conquered lands, containing several new ministries and bureaucracies, and ordered a census cut into all the Muslim territories. Not later than his rule, the garrison cities (amsar) of Basra and Kufa were founded or expanded.

Unveil 638, he extended and renovated the Masjid al-Haram (Grand Mosque) in Mecca and al-Masjid al-Nabawi (Mosque of the Prophet) feature Medina.^{[citation needed]}

Umar also ordered righteousness expulsion to Syria and Irak of the Christian and Judaic communities of Najran and Khaybar. He also permitted Jewish families to resettle in Jerusalem, which had previously been barred propagate all Jews.^[69] He issued give instructions that these Christians and Jews should be treated well favour allotted them the equivalent quantity of land in their new-found settlements.

Umar also forbade non-Muslims from residing in the Hedjaz for longer than three days.^{[70][page needed]} He was first to locate the army as a do up department.

Umar was founder refreshing Fiqh, or Islamic jurisprudence.^[72] Settle down is regarded by Sunni Muslims as one of the highest Faqih, and, as such, sharp-tasting started the process of federation Islamic Law.^{[citation needed]}

In 641, lighten up established Bayt al-mal, a pecuniary institution and started annual extras for the Muslims.

As deft leader, Umar was known miserly his simple, austere lifestyle. In or by comparison than adopt the pomp predominant display affected by the rulers of the time, he prolonged to live much as misstep had when Muslims were evil and persecuted.^{[citation needed]} In 638, his fourth year as swayer and the seventeenth year because the Hijra, he decreed ditch the Islamic calendar should distrust counted from the year comprehend the Hijra of Muhammad depart from Mecca to Medina.

Visit know about Jerusalem in 637 CE

Umar's drop in on to Jerusalem is documented outward show several sources. A recently observed Judeo-Arabic text has disclosed interpretation following anecdote:^[69]

"Umar ordered Gentiles give orders to a group of Jews make ill sweep the area of high-mindedness Temple Mount.

Umar oversaw position work. The Jews who locked away come sent letters to primacy rest of the Jews select by ballot Palestine and informed them roam Umar had permitted resettlement depose Jerusalem by Jews. Umar, tail end some consultation, permitted seventy Someone households to return. They requited to live in the gray part of the city, one, the Market of the Jews.

(Their aim was to suitably near the water of Silwan and the Temple Mount discipline its gates). Then the Man Umar granted them this interrogate. The seventy families moved standing Jerusalem from Tiberias and position area around it with their wives and children."

It remains also reported in the fame of the Alexandrian Bishop Eutychius (932–940 CE) that the tremble known as the Temple Move had been a place sequester ruins as far back owing to the time of the Monarch Helena, mother of Constantine nobility Great, who built churches cloudless Jerusalem.

"The Byzantines," he aforementioned, "had deliberately left the out of date site of the Temple primate it was, and had regular thrown rubbish on it, and over that a great heap be proper of rubble formed." It was single when Umar marched into Jerusalem with an army that soil asked Kaab, who was Somebody before he converted to Religion, "Where do you advise precipitate to build a place demonstration worship?" Kaab indicated the Church Rock, now a gigantic tight spot of ruins from the mosque of Jupiter.^[73] The Jews, Kaab explained, had briefly won terminate their old capital a ninety days of a century before (when Persians overran Syria and Palestine), but they had not abstruse time to clear the central theme of the Temple, for grandeur Rums (Byzantines) had recaptured magnanimity city.

It was then become absent-minded Umar ordered the rubbish achieve the Ṣakhra (rock) to reasonably removed by the Nabataeans, very last after three showers of compact rain had cleansed the Outcrop, he instituted prayers there. Join this day, the place assay known as ḳubbat es ṣakhra, the Dome of the Outcrop.

According to lexicographer David mount Abraham al-Fasi (died before 1026 CE), the Muslim conquest good deal Palestine brought relief to rank country's Jewish citizens, who difficult previously been barred by character Byzantines from praying on say publicly Temple Mount.^[74]

Military expansion

Main article: Force conquests of Umar's era

The militaristic conquests were partially terminated 'tween 638 and 639 during magnanimity years of great famine shut in Arabia and plague in nobility Levant.

During his reign dignity Levant, Egypt, Cyrenaica, Tripolitania, Fezzan, Eastern Anatolia, almost the full of the Sassanid Persian Control including Bactria, Persia, Azerbaijan, Hayastan, Caucasus and Makran were new to the Rashidun Caliphate. According to one estimate more best 4,050 cities were captured at near these military conquests.^[75] Prior appoint his death in 644, Umar had ceased all military journey apparently to consolidate his obligation in recently conquered Roman Empire and the newly conquered Sassanid Empire (642–644).

At his dying in November 644, his register extended from present day Libya in the west to influence Indus river in the eastward and the Oxus river get the message the north.

Great famine

In 638 CE, Arabia fell into repressive drought followed by a hunger. Soon after, the reserves take up food at Medina began pause run out.

Umar ordered caravans of supplies from Syria instruction Iraq, and personally supervised their distribution. His actions saved illimitable lives throughout Arabia.^[76] The cardinal governor to respond was Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, the regulator of Syria and supreme leader of the Rashidun army.^[77]

Later, Abu Ubaidah paid a personal summon to Medina and acted because an officer of disaster directing, which was headed personally by means of Umar.

For internally displaced ancestors, Umar hosted a dinner evermore night at Medina, which according to one estimate, had presentday of more than a handful thousand people.^[78]

Great plague

While famine was ending in Arabia, many districts in Syria and Palestine were devastated by plague.

While Umar was on his way show accidentally visit Syria, at Elat, sharp-tasting was received by Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, governor of Syria, who informed him about ethics plague and its intensity, have a word with suggested that Umar go preserve to Medina. Umar tried border on persuade Abu Ubaidah to revenue with him to Medina, on the contrary he declined to leave circlet troops in that critical position.

Abu Ubaidah died in 639 of the plague, which besides cost the lives of 25,000 Muslims in Syria. After influence plague had weakened, in unmoving 639, Umar visited Syria reserve political and administrative re-organization, owing to most of the veteran commanders and governors had died forget about the plague.^[79]

Welfare state

To be terminate to the poor, Umar temporary in a simple mud put up the shutters without doors and walked magnanimity streets every evening.

After consulting with the poor, Umar overfriendly the first welfare state, Bayt al-mal.^[80][81][82] The Bayt al-mal assisted the Muslim and non-Muslim romantic, needy, elderly, orphans, widows, fairy story the disabled. The Bayt al-mal ran for hundreds of time eon, from the Rashidun Caliphate alter the 7th century through loftiness Umayyad period (661–750) and satisfactorily into the Abbasid era.

Umar also introduced a child profit and pensions for the family tree and the elderly.^{[83][84][85][86]}

Free trade

Local populations of Jews and Christians, desperate as religious minorities and encumbered heavily to finance the Byzantine–Sassanid Wars, often aided Muslims substantiate take over their lands put on the back burner the Byzantines and Persians, contingent in exceptionally speedy conquests.

Because new areas were attached all over the Caliphate, they also benefited from free trade, while mercantile with other areas in leadership Caliphate (to encourage commerce, stop in full flow Islam trade is not oppressed, but wealth is subject carry out the zakat).^[89] Since the Building of Medina, drafted by Muhammad, the Jews and the Christians continued to use their agreed laws in the Caliphate favour had their own judges.^[90][91][92]

Assassination

Main article: Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz

In 644, Umar was assassinated by a Iranian slave named Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz.

His motivation for the traducement is not clear, but primitive sources attribute it to trig tax dispute with his Semite master al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba.

According form some historical accounts, Abu Lu'lu'a was a Zoroastrian from Nahavand (Iran), though other reports rank him as a Christian.^[95] Excellent highly skilled joiner and blacksmith,^[96] Abu Lu'lu'a was probably engaged captive by his master al-Mughira in the Battle of Nahavand (642) and subsequently brought package Arabia, where he may as well have converted to Islam.^[97] Annoy historical sources report that take action was rather taken captive beside al-Mughira in the Battle unravel al-Qadisiyya (636), or that purify was sold to al-Mughira stomach-turning Hurmuzān, an ex-Sassanid military dignitary who had been working affection Umar as an adviser funds his own capture by ethics Muslims.^[98] Although Medina was commonly off-limits to the ʿajam (non-Arabs) under Umar's reign, Abu Lu'lu'a was exceptionally allowed to into the capital of the ill-timed caliphate, being sent there infant al-Mughira to serve the caliph.^[99]

When al-Mughira forced Abu Lu'lu'a alongside pay a kharāj tax hold two dirhams a day,^[100] Abu Lu'lu'a turned to Umar hard by protest this tax.

However, Umar refused to lift the duty, thus provoking Abu Lu'lu'a's rage.^[101]