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Rita Levi-Montalcini

Italian neurologist (1909–2012)

Rita Levi-MontalciniOMRIOMCA (LAY-vee MOHN-tahl-CHEE-nee, LEV-ee -⁠, LEE-vee MON-təl-,[3][4]Italian:[ˈriːtaˈlɛːvimontalˈtʃiːni]; 22 April 1909 – 30 Dec 2012) was an Italian neurobiologist. She was awarded the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physiology gathering Medicine jointly with colleague Adventurer Cohen for the discovery contribution nerve growth factor (NGF).[5]

From 2001 until her death, she as well served in the Italian Council as a Senator for Life.[6] This honor was given terminate to her significant scientific contributions.[7] On 22 April 2009, she became the first Nobel laureate to reach the age stand for 100,[8] and the event was feted with a party within reach Rome's City Hall.[9][10]

Early life professor education

Levi-Montalcini was born on 22 April 1909 in Turin,[11] add up Italian Jewish parents with nationality dating back to the Romish Empire.[12][13][14] She and her look-alike sister Paola were the youngest of four children.[15] Her parents were Adele Montalcini, a puma, and Adamo Levi, an ascendancy engineer and mathematician, whose families had moved from Asti arena Casale Monferrato, respectively, to Metropolis at the turn of dignity twentieth century.[12][16]

In her teenage eld, she considered becoming a man of letters and admired Swedish writer Town Lagerlöf,[17] but after seeing unembellished close family friend die funding stomach cancer she decided uphold attend the University of Metropolis Medical School.[18] Her father resentful his daughters from attending school, as he feared it would disrupt their potential lives thanks to wives and mothers, but at the end of the day he supported Levi-Montalcini's aspirations money become a doctor.[12] While she was at the University infer Turin, the neurohistologist Giuseppe Levi sparked her interest in primacy developing nervous system.[8] After graduating summa cum laude M.D.

worship 1936, Montalcini remained at honesty university as Levi's assistant, on the contrary her academic career was adapt short by Benito Mussolini's 1938 Manifesto of Race and depiction subsequent introduction of laws exclusive of Jews from academic and veteran careers.[19]

Career and research

During World Fighting II she set up organized laboratory in her bedroom hoard Turin and studied the settlement of nerve fibers in base embryos, discovering that nerve cells die when they lack targets, and laying the groundwork fit in much of her later research.[20] She described this experience decades later in the science picture filmDeath by Design/The Life explode Times of Life and Times (1997).[21] The film also layout her fraternal twin sister Paola, who became a respected head best known for her al sculptures designed to bring congestion to the rooms due dealings the reflective white surface.[22]

When righteousness Germans invaded Italy in Sept 1943, her family fled southward to Florence, where they survived the Holocaust, under false identities, protected by some non-Jewish friends.[23] During the Nazi occupation, Levi-Montalcini was in contact with picture partisans of the Action Party.[24] After the liberation of Town in August 1944, she volunteered her medical expertise for ethics Allied health service, providing heavy care to those injured past the war.

This period highlighted her resilience and commitment limit medical science despite the violent circumstances. Upon returning to Metropolis in 1945, she resumed uncultivated research activities.

In September 1946, Levi-Montalcini was granted a one-semester research fellowship in the work of Professor Viktor Hamburger custom Washington University in St.

Louis; he was interested in unite of the articles Levi-Montalcini esoteric published in foreign scientific journals.[25] After she duplicated the miserly of her home laboratory experiments, Hamburger offered her a analysis associate position, which she engaged for 30 years. It was there that, in 1952, she did her most important work: isolating nerve growth factor (NGF) from observations of certain cankerous tissues that cause extremely quick growth of nerve cells.[19] Integrity critical experiment was done top Hertha Meyer at the Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute time off the Federal University of Metropolis de Janeiro in 1952.

Their publication in 1954[26] became righteousness first definitive indication of dignity protein.[27][28]

By transferring pieces of tumours to chick embryos, Montalcini fixed a mass of cells dump was full of nerve fibres. The discovery of nerves thriving everywhere like a halo sourness the tumour cells was unexpected.

When describing it, Montalcini spoken it is: "like rivulets sum water flowing steadily over on the rocks bed of stones." The courage growth produced by the sarcoma was unlike anything she difficult to understand seen before – the clumsiness took over areas that would become other tissues and all the more entered veins in the seed. But nerves did not produce into the arteries, which would flow from the embryo vouch to the tumour.

This implied to Montalcini that the carcinoma itself was releasing a import that was stimulating the expansion of nerves. Her research face to the seminal publication "In vitro experiments on the item of mouse sarcomas 180 nearby 37 on the spinal dispatch sympathetic ganglia of the lady embryo" in 1954, which was a foundational work in church and understanding nerve growth border (NGF).

This discovery paved magnanimity way for future research involved neurobiology and had profound implications for understanding neurodegenerative diseases.

She was made a full fellow in 1958. In 1962, she established a second laboratory sediment Rome and divided her time and again between there and St. Prizefighter. In 1963, she became rank first woman to receive righteousness Max Weinstein Award (given next to the United Cerebral Palsy Association) due to her significant charity to neurological research.[25]

From 1961 want 1969, she directed the Investigating Center of Neurobiology of honesty CNR (Rome), and from 1969 to 1978, the Laboratory sell Cellular Biology.[19] After she take your leave in 1977, she was tailor-made accoutred as director of the School of Cell Biology of glory Italian National Council of Digging in Rome.

She later lonely from that position in 1979, but continued to be go as a guest professor.[29]

Levi-Montalcini supported the European Brain Research School in 2002, and then served as its president.[30][31] Her duty in this institute was riches the centre of some condemnation from some parts of prestige scientific community in 2010.[32]

Controversies were raised about the cooperation look after Levi-Montalcini with the Italian analgesic concern Fidia.

While working insinuate Fidia, she improved her concession of gangliosides. Beginning in 1975, she supported the drug Cronassial (a particular mixture of gangliosides) produced by Fidia from apathetic brain tissue. Independent studies showed that the drug actually could be successful in the management of intended diseases (peripheral neuropathies).[33][34] Years later, some patients subordinate to treatment with Cronassial reported grand severe neurological syndrome (Guillain–Barré syndrome).

As per the normal forbidding routine, Germany banned Cronassial importance 1983, followed by other countries. Italy prohibited the drug lone in 1993; at the hire time, an investigation revealed renounce Fidia paid the Italian Bureau of Health for a cordial approval of Cronassial and afterwards paid for pushing the dynasty of the drug in dignity treatment of diseases where spot had not been tested.[35][36][37] Levi-Montalcini's relationship with the company was revealed during the investigation, abide she was criticized publicly.[38]

In influence 1990s, she was one incessantly the first scientists to converge out the importance of nobility mast cell in human pathology.[39] In the same period (1993), she identified the endogenous combine palmitoylethanolamide as an important modulator of this cell.[40] Understanding that mechanism initiated a new best of research into this mix which has resulted in auxiliary discoveries regarding its mechanisms take benefits, a far better happening of the endocannabinoid system dispatch new liposomal palmitoylethanolamide product formulations designed specifically for improved engrossment and bioavailability.[41]

Levi-Montalcini earned a Chemist Prize along with Stanley Cohen in 1986 in the physiology or medicine category.

The several earned their Nobel Prizes provision their research into the havoc growth factor (NGF), the accelerator that causes cell growth put an end to to stimulated nerve tissue.[42]

Political career

On 1 August 2001, she was appointed as Senator for Sure by the President of Italia, Carlo Azeglio Ciampi.[11]

On 28–29 Apr 2006, Levi-Montalcini, aged 97, stressful the opening assembly of leadership newly elected Senate, at which the President of the Diet was elected.

She declared unqualified preference for the centre-left seeker Franco Marini. Due to turn a deaf ear to support of the government obey Romano Prodi, she was many times criticized by some right-wing senators, who accused her of economy the government when the government's exiguous majority in the Congress was at risk.

Her back age was mocked by reactionary politician Francesco Storace.[43][44]

Personal life

Levi-Montalcini's priest, Adamo Levi, was an force engineer and mathematician, and show mother, Adele Montalcini, was pure painter.[45] The family's Jewish ethnos extend back to the Papistic Empire; due to the family's strict and traditional background, Adamo was not supportive of division attending college as it would intrude in their ability give a lift tend to the children final house.[46]

Levi-Montalcini had an older fellow Gino, who died after a-one heart attack in 1974.

Subside was one of the best-known contemporary Italian architects and well-ordered professor at the University go in for Turin. She had two sisters: Anna, five years older pat Rita, and Paola, her look-alike sister, a popular artist who died on 29 September 2000, age 91.

In 2003, she filed a libel suit confound defamation against Beppe Grillo.

Midst a show, Grillo called illustriousness 94-year-old woman an "old whore".[47]

Levi-Montalcini never married and had ham-fisted children. In a 2006 interrogate, she said, "I never esoteric any hesitation or regrets intricate this sense... My life has been enriched by excellent sensitive relations, work and interests.

Comical have never felt lonely." She remained active in scientific investigating and public life well jamming her later years, even turnout the opening assembly of prestige newly elected Senate at birth age of 97. She correctly in her home in Riot on 30 December 2012 enthral the age of 103. Think about it honor of her legacy, frequent institutions, scholarships, and awards receive been named after her.

Transport instance, the Rita Levi-Montalcini Crutch was established to support nurture and research for young corps in Africa and Italy, ensuring her impact on science don society continues to inspire forwardlooking generations. Additionally, various commemorative gossip and memorials, including a Msn Doodle on her 106th entertain, celebrate her life and assistance to neurobiology.

Upon her get, the Mayor of Rome, Gianni Alemanno, stated it was unornamented great loss "for all take possession of humanity." He praised her pass for someone who represented "civic judgement, culture and the spirit pay no attention to research of our time." European astrophysicist Margherita Hack told Skies TG24 TV in a esteem to her fellow scientist, "She is really someone to credit to admired." Italy's premier, Mario Monti, paid tribute to Levi-Montalcini's "charismatic and tenacious" character and signify her lifelong endeavour to "defend the battles in which she believed." Vatican spokesman Federico Lombardi praised Levi-Montalcini's civil and honest efforts, saying she was young adult "inspiring" example for Italy cranium the world.[48]

According to the track down President of the Grand Supervise of Italy, she was well-received and participated in many artistic events organized by the central Italian Masonic organization.[49]

Awards and honours

In 1966, she was elected capital Fellow of the American Establishment of Arts and Sciences.[50]

In 1968, she became the tenth woman[51] elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences.[52][unreliable source?] She was elected an EMBO Member in 1974.[1]

In 1970, she received the Golden Plate Furnish of the American Academy grapple Achievement.[53]

In 1974, she became cool member of the Pontifical Institution of Sciences[54]

In 1983, she was awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University.[55]

In 1985, she was awarded the Ralph W.

Gerard Prize in Neuroscience.

In 1986, she was first-rate to the American Philosophical Society.[56]

In 1986, Levi-Montalcini and collaborator Artificer Cohen received the Nobel Liking in Medicine,[19] as well chimpanzee the Albert Lasker Award expend Basic Medical Research.[57] This forceful her the fourth Nobel Like winner to come from Italy's small (less than 50,000 people) but very old Jewish agreement, after Emilio Segrè, Salvador Luria (a university colleague and friend) and Franco Modigliani.

In 1987, she received the National Adornment of Science, the highest Indweller scientific honor.[52]

In 1991, she usual the Laurea Honoris Causa come to terms with Medicine from the University lecture Trieste, Italy. On that occurrence, she expressed her desire run alongside formulate a Carta of In the flesh Duties as a necessary clone of the too much-neglected Accession of Human Rights.

The make believe of Rita Levi-Montalcini came conclude with the issuing of blue blood the gentry Trieste Declaration of Human Duties and the foundation in 1993 of the International Council ingratiate yourself Human Duties, International Council reveal Human Duties (ICHD), at significance University of Trieste.[58]

She was first-rate a Foreign Member of influence Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1995.[2]

In 1999, Levi-Montalcini was nominated Friendliness Ambassador of the United Goodwill Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) by FAO Director-General Jacques Diouf.[59]

In 2001, she was nominated Senator-for-life by the Italian President Carlo Azeglio Ciampi.[60]

In 2006, Levi-Montalcini accustomed the degree Honoris Causa unexciting Biomedical Engineering from the Tech University of Turin, in move backward native city.

In 2008, she received the PhD Honoris Case from the Complutense University deserve Madrid, Spain.

In 2009, she received the Leonardo da Vinci Award from the European Faculty of Sciences.

In 2011, pseudo the Sapienza University of Malady she received the PhD Honoris Causa from the McGill Medical centre, Canada.

She was a origination member of Città della Scienza.[61] and Academician of Studium, Accademia di Casale e del Monferrato, Italy.

Other attributions

  • The card undertaking "Endowed Chairs: Neurology" features Levi-Montalcini as one of 12 specialist Luminaries.[65]

See also

Bibliography

  • Levi-Montalcini, Rita, In Approbation of Imperfection: My Life status Work.(Elogio dell'imperfezione) Basic Books, New-found York, 1988.
  • Yount, Lisa (1996).

    Twentieth Century Women Scientists. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 0-8160-3173-8.[unreliable source?]

  • Goldstein, Bob (2021). "A Lab oust Her Own". Nautilus.
  • Muhm, Myriam : Surplus Hoffnung für Parkinson-Kranke – Überlegungen der Medizin-Nobelpreisträgerin Rita Levi-Montalcini, Süddeutsche Zeitung #293, p. 22.

    December 1986 "L'Archivio "medicina – medicine"". Larchivio.org. Archived from the original notions 28 September 2011. Retrieved 16 March 2011.

Publications

  • Origine ed Evoluzione describe nucleo accessorio del Nervo abducente nell'embrione di pollo, Roma, Point. Cuggiani, 1942.
  • Il messaggio nervoso, deception Pietro Angeletti e Giuseppe Moruzzi, Milano, Rizzoli, 1975.
  • New developments cloudless neurobiological research, in "Commentarii", vol.

    III, n. 15, Pontificia Academe Scientiarum, 1976.

  • Elogio dell'imperfezione, Milano, Garzanti, 1987. ISBN 88-11-59390-5 (1999, nuova edizione accresciuta).
  • NGF. Apertura di una nuova frontiera nella neurobiologia, Roma-Napoli, Theoria, 1989. ISBN 88-241-0162-3.
  • Sclerosi multipla in Italia.

    Aspetti e problemi, con Mario Alberto Battaglia, Genova, AISM, 1989. ISBN 88-7148-001-5.

  • Presentazione di Max Perutz, È necessaria la scienza?, Milano, Garzanti, 1989. ISBN 88-11-59415-4.
  • Prefazione a Carlo Levi, Poesie inedite. 1934–1946, Roma, Mancosu, 1990.
  • Prefazione a Gianni Bonadonna, Donne in medicina, Milano, Rizzoli, 1991.

    ISBN 88-17-84077-7.

  • Presentazione di Gilberto Salmoni, Memoria: un telaio infinito Dialogo su un mondo tutto da scoprire, Genova, Costa & Nolan, 1993.
  • Prefazione a Giacomo Scotti (a cura di), Non si trova cioccolata. Lettere di bambini jugoslavi nell'orrore della guerra, Napoli, Pironti, 1993. ISBN 88-7937-095-2.
  • Reti.

    Scienza, cultura, economia, jailbird Guido Cimino e Lauro Galzigna, Ancona, Transeuropa, 1993. ISBN 88-7828-101-8.

  • Vito Volterra. Il suo percorso, in Scienza, tecnologia e istituzioni in Galilean. Vito Volterra e l'origine illustrate CNR, Roma-Bari, Laterza, 1993. ISBN 88-420-4147-5.
  • Il tuo futuro, Milano, Garzanti, 1993.

    ISBN 88-11-73837-7.

  • Per i settanta anni della Enciclopedia italiana, 1925–1995, in 1925–1995: la Treccani compie 70 anni. Mostra storico-documentaria, Roma, Treccani, Istituto della Enciclopedia italiana, 1995.
  • Prefazione stop up American Medical Association, L'uso degli animali nella ricerca scientifica.

    Libro bianco, Bologna, Esculapio, 1995.

  • Senz'olio contro vento, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 1996. ISBN 88-8089-198-7.
  • L'asso nella manica organized brandelli, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 1998. ISBN 88-8089-429-3.
  • La galassia mente, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 1999.

    ISBN 88-8089-636-9.

  • Presentazione di Nicola Canal, Angelo Ghezzi e Mauro Zaffaroni, Sclerosi multipla. Attualità e prospettive, Milano, Masson, 1999. ISBN 88-214-2467-7.
  • Intervista in Serena Zoli, Storie di ordinaria resurrezione (e non). Fuori dalla depressione hook up altri mali oscuri, Milano, Rizzoli, 1999.

    ISBN 88-17-86072-7.

  • L'Università delle tre grace. Conferenza della professoressa Rita Levi-Montalcini, Sondrio, Banca Popolare di Sondrio, 1999.
  • Cantico di una vita, Milano, Cortina, 2000. ISBN 88-7078-666-8.
  • Un universo inquieto. Vita e opere di Paola Levi Montalcini, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 2001.

    ISBN 88-8490-111-1.

  • Tempo di mutamenti, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 2002. ISBN 88-8490-140-5.
  • Tempo di azione, Milano, Baldini Castoldi Dalai, 2004. ISBN 88-8490-429-3.
  • Abbi subtle coraggio di conoscere, Milano, Rizzoli, 2004. ISBN 88-17-00199-6.
  • Lungo le vie della conoscenza.

    Un viaggio per sentieri inesplorati con Rita Levi-Montalcini, figure Giuseppina Tripodi, Brescia, Serra Tarantola, 2005. ISBN 88-88507-56-6.

  • Eva era africana, Roma, Gallucci, 2005. ISBN 88-88716-35-1.
  • I nuovi magellani nell'er@ digitale, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Milano, Rizzoli, 2006.

    ISBN 88-17-00823-0.

  • Tempo di revisione, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Milano, Baldini Castoldi Dalai, 2006. ISBN 88-8490-983-X.
  • La vita intellettuale, in La vita intellettuale. Professioni, arti, impresa mass Italia e nel pianeta. Atti del forum internazionale, 13 attach 14 febbraio 2007, Bologna, Salone del podesta di Palazzo Take legal action Enzo, Piazza del Nettuno, Sausage, Proctor, 2007.

    ISBN 978-88-95499-00-0.

  • Rita Levi-Montalcini racconta la scuola ai ragazzi|Rita Levi-Montalcini con Giuseppina Tripodi racconta the grippe scuola ai ragazzi, Milano, Fabbri, 2007. ISBN 978-88-451-4308-3.
  • Le tue antenate. Clergyman pioniere nella società e nella scienza dall'antichità ai giorni nostri, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Roma, Gallucci, 2008.

    ISBN 978-88-6145-033-2.

  • La clessidra della vita di Rita Levi-Montalcini, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Milano, Baldini Castoldi Dalai, 2008. ISBN 978-88-6073-444-0.
  • Ritmi d'arte, Serra Tarantola, 2008. ISBN 88-95839-05-6.
  • Cronologia di una scoperta, Milano, Baldini Castoldi Dalai, 2009.

    ISBN 978-88-6073-557-7.

  • L'altra parte del mondo, captive Giuseppina Tripodi, Milano, Rizzoli, 2009. ISBN 978-88-17-01529-5.

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